Module 2 - Bacteria

Question 1

Name for spherical shape? Example?

Answer 1

• Coccus

- Staphyloccus aureus

Question 2

Name for rod shape?

Example?

Answer 2

• Bacillus

- Escherichia coli

Question 3

Name for curved rod?

Example

Answer 3

• Vibrio

- Vibrio cholerae

Question 4

Name for spiral shape?

Example?

Answer 4

• Sprillum

- Treponema pallidum

Question 5

What can affect change in bacterial morphology?

Answer 5

Environmental conditions

Question 6

Term used for variable cell morphologies?

Example

Answer 6

• Pleiomorphic

- Mycoplasma

Question 7

What are branching filaments composed of chains of cells called? What group of bacteria exhibit these?

Answer 7

• Hyphae

- Actinomycete

Question 8

Hyphae can form three-dimensional networks called?

Answer 8

Mycelia

Question 9

Size ranges visible with electron microscope

Answer 9

• Above .005 micrometers

- Proteins, viruses, most bacertia

Question 10

Size ranges visible with light microscope

Answer 10

• Above 0.2 micrometers

- Viruses, most bacteria, eukaryal cell

Question 11

Size ranges visible with human eye

Answer 11

• Above 100 micrometers

- Ant, adult roundworm

Question 12

Typical size for a eukaryal cell

Answer 12

About 10 micrometers

Question 13

What is a Nucleoid composed of?

Answer 13

DNA, RNA, and protein

Question 14

What is the function of a Nucleoid?

Answer 14

Genetic information storage and gene expression

Question 15

What is a Chromosome-packaging protein composed of?

Answer 15

Protein

Question 16

What is the function of a Chromosome-packaging proteins?

Answer 16

Protection and compaction of genomic DNA

Question 17

What are enzymes composed of?

Answer 17

Protein

Question 18

What is the function of enzymes involved in synthesis of DNA, RNA

Answer 18

Replication of the genome, transcription

Question 19

What are Regulatory Factors composed of?

Answer 19

Protein, RNA

Question 20

What is the function of Regulatory Factors?

Answer 20

Control of replication, transcription, and translation

Question 21

What are Ribosomes composed of?

Answer 21

RNA, Protein

Question 22

What is the function of Ribosomes?

Answer 22

Translation (protein synthesis)

Question 23

What are plasmids composed of?

Answer 23

DNA

Question 24

What is the function of plasmids?

Answer 24

Encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions

Question 25

What are enzymes involved in breaking down substrates composed of?

Answer 25

Protein

Question 26

What is the function of enzymes involved in breaking down substrates composed of?

Answer 26

- Energy production | - Providing anabolic precursors

Question 27

What are Inclusion Bodies composed of?

Answer 27

Various polymers

Question 28

What is the function of Inclusion Bodies?

Answer 28

Storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen, sulfur

Question 29

What are Gas Vesicles composed of?

Answer 29

Protein

Question 30

What is the function of Gas Vesicles?

Answer 30

Buoyancy

Question 31

What are Magnetosomes composed of?

Answer 31

Protein, lipid, iron

Question 32

What is the function of Magnetosomes?

Answer 32

Orienting cell during movement

Question 33

What are Cytoskeletal Structures composed of?

Answer 33

Protein

Question 34

What are the functions of Cytoskeletal Structures?

Answer 34

- Guiding cell wall synthesis - Cell division - Partitioning of chromosomes during replication

Question 35

Define Carboxysomes

Answer 35

Produced by Cyanobacteria and contain the key enzymes involved in the conversion of inorganic carbon into organic matter

Question 36

Define Sulfur Globules

Answer 36

Represent another form of intracellular storage

Question 37

Define Inclusion Bodies

Answer 37

Storage of various nutrients

Question 38

Define Magnetotactic Bacteria. What particles did they contain?

Answer 38

- Group of bacteria that orient themselves along the magnetic field lines of Earth's magnetic field - Rich in iron due to chains of membrane-enclosed particles

Question 39

What are the internal proteins that compose the bacteria cytoskeleton?

Answer 39

- FtsZ - MreB - ParM - ParR

Question 40

Function of the FtsZ protein?

Answer 40

Forms the Z-ring which is needed for bacterial cell division

Question 41

Function of the MreB protein?

Answer 41

- Evolutionarily related to actin - Forms filaments in helical patterns on the inner face of the plasma membrane - Provides shape to the cell

Question 42

Function of the ParM protein?

Answer 42

- Forms filaments that direct plasmid movement to either side of the cell - Ensures plasmid segregation

Question 43

Function of the ParR protein?

Answer 43

Recognizes the plasmid DNA and connects with the ParR filament

Question 44

What protein has a homologue in eukaryotes, and what homologue?

Answer 44

MreB acts as actin

Question 45

What are hopanoids?

Answer 45

Sterol-like planar molecules that stabilize the plasma membrane

Question 46

What is it called when materials or nutrients need assistance to cross the plasma membrane?

Answer 46

Facilitated

Question 47

What type of transport is driven by the expenditure of energy to drive the movement of solutes against its concentration gradient?

Answer 47

Active Transport

Question 48

What type of transport is driven without the expenditure of energy to drive the movement of solutes against its concentration gradient?

Answer 48

Passive Transport

Question 49

When the cytoplasm has a higher solute concentration than the external environment, causing water to move into the cell (cell expands), what kind of solution is it considered?

Answer 49

Hypotonic

Question 50

When the cytoplasm has a lower solute concentration than the external environment, causing water to move out of the cell (cell shrinks), what kind of solution is it considered?

Answer 50

Hypertonic

Question 51

What prevents a cell from collapsing structurally?

Answer 51

Cell wall