module 5: resources

Question 1

the proportion of void space in the material

Answer 1

Porosity

Question 2

measure of how readily fluids pass through the material

Answer 2

Permeability

Question 3

a volume of rock or soil above the impermeable material that is water-saturated

Answer 3

Saturated zone or phreatic zone

Question 4

the water in the saturated zone

Answer 4

Groundwater

Question 4

rock or soil above the saturated zone in which the pore spaces are filled partly with water, partly with air

Answer 4

Unsaturated zone or vadose zone

Question 5

all of the water occupying pore space below the ground surface this includes ground water, soil moisture, and water in unsaturated rocks.

Answer 5

Subsurface water

Question 6

an underground boundary between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock.

Answer 6

water table

Question 6

the processes of infiltration and migration or percolation by which ground water is replaced

Answer 6

Recharge

Question 6

rock that holds enough water and transmits it rapidly enough to be useful as a source of water

Answer 6

Aquifer

Question 7

occurs where ground water flows into a stream, escapes at the surface in a spring, or otherwise exits the aquifer

Answer 7

discharge

Question 8

rock that may store a considerable quantity of water, but in which water flow is slowed, or retarded

Answer 8

aquitard

Question 9

a rock that is essentially impermeable on a human timescale

Answer 9

Aquiclude

Question 10

when the aquifer is directly overlain only by permeable rocks and soil

Answer 10

Unconfined aquifer

Question 11

bounded above and below by low permeability rocks

Answer 11

confined aquifer

Question 12

a circular lowering of the water table

Answer 12

Cone of depression

Question 13

another problem arising from groundwater use in coastal regions

Answer 13

Salt water intrusion

Question 14

a common way to provide more land for construction

Answer 14

Filling in wetlands

Question 15

partial solution to the problem of areas where groundwater use exceeds natural recharge rate

Answer 15

Recharge basins

Question 16

creates a distinctive terrain

Answer 16

karst

Question 17

the ground collapses abruptly into the void

Answer 17

sinkhole

Question 18

contains substantial amounts of dissolved calcium and magnesium

Answer 18

Hard water

Question 19

Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards

Answer 19

DENR A.O. 2016-08

Question 20

allow parched coastal regions to tap the vast ocean reservoirs

Answer 20

Desalination of seawater

Question 21

the water is passed through fine filters or membranes to screen out dissolved impurities

Answer 21

filtration system

Question 22

heating or boiling water full of dissolved minerals

Answer 22

Distillation

Question 22

an essential resource especially for the production of the major portion of our food

Answer 22

Soil

Question 22

processes acting to break down rocks and minerals

Answer 22

Weathering

Question 23

the physical breakup of rocks without changes in the rocks’ composition

Answer 23

Mechanical weathering

Question 24

the breakdown of minerals by chemical reaction with water, with other chemicals dissolved in water, or with gases in the air

Answer 24

Chemical weathering

Question 25

plays a major role in the intensity of chemical weathering

Answer 25

Climate

Question 26

effects can be either mechanical or chemical

Answer 26

Biological weathering

Question 27

may add components to soil

Answer 27

Airborne chemicals and sediments

Question 28

consisting wholly of organic matter

Answer 28

O horizon

Question 29

below O horizon, consists of the most intensively weathered rock material

Answer 29

A horizon

Question 30

below the A horizon, is also known as the zone of leaching

Answer 30

E horizon

Question 31

below the B horizon, is a zone consisting principally of very coarsely broken-up bedrock and little else

Answer 31

C horizon

Question 32

the zone of accumulation

Answer 32

B horizon

Question 33

relates to the soil’s tendency to form lumps or clods of soil particles

Answer 33

Soil structure

Question 34

soils were seen as characteristic of more humid regions

Answer 34

pedalfer

Question 35

the soil of a dry climate

Answer 35

pedocal

Question 36

common to many less-developed nations and poses special agricultural challenges

Answer 36

Lateritic soil

Question 37

rich in accumulated organic matter

Answer 37

Wetland Soils

Question 38

physical removal of material from one place to another

Answer 38

Soil Erosion

Question 39

single slope is terraced into a series of shallower slopes

Answer 39

terracing

Question 40

Surface runoff may be slowed on moderate slopes by

Answer 40

contour plowing

Question 41

alternating crops of different heights

Answer 41

Strip cropping

Question 42

a rock in which a valuable or useful metal occurs at a concentration sufficiently high

Answer 42

ore

Question 43

Types of Mineral Deposits

Answer 43

Igneous Rocks and Magmatic Deposits

Question 44

the term given to unusually coarse-grained igneous intrusions

Answer 44

Pegmatite

Question 45

They are mined primarily from igneous rocks

Answer 45

kimberlites

Question 46

Ordinary table salt, known mineralogically as

Answer 46

halite

Question 47

They are rarely the sites of primary formation of ore minerals

Answer 47

Streams

Question 48

used in “lead” pencils, in batteries, as a lubricant

Answer 48

Graphite

Question 49

most heavily used metal and it is also one of the most common metals

Answer 49

Iron

Question 50

an excellent catalyst

Answer 50

Platinum

Question 51

practical when a large, three dimensional ore body is located near the surface

Answer 51

Open-pit mining

Question 52

more often used to extract coal than mineral resources

Answer 52

Strip-mining

Question 53

to extract metals from ores

Answer 53

Smelting

Question 54

refers to any remains or evidence of ancient life

Answer 54

Fossil

Question 55

energy sources that formed from the remains of once living organisms.

Answer 55

Fossil fuels

Question 56

Oil is commonly discussed in units of

Answer 56

barrels

Question 57

Recovery using no techniques beyond pumping

Answer 57

primary recovery

Question 58

when flow falls off, water may be pumped into the reservoir

Answer 58

Secondary recovery

Question 59

crystalline solids of gas and water molecules

Answer 59

Gas (methane) hydrates

Question 60

oxygen is absent or nearly so

Answer 60

anaerobic

Question 61

known as oil sands, are sedimentary rocks containing a very thick, semisolid, tarlike petroleum

Answer 61

Tar sands

Question 62

the splitting apart of atomic nuclei into smaller ones

Answer 62

Fission

Question 63

the combining of smaller nuclei into larger ones

Answer 63

Fusion

Question 63

The energy of falling or flowing water which has been used for centuries

Answer 63

Hydropower

Question 64

EPA

Answer 64

Environmental Protection Agency