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arch 101 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Isotropic

A

Uniform in all orientations

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2
Q

Cryptocrystalline

A

Extremely Fine grained

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3
Q

Knapping or flint knapping

A

The process of making stone tools

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4
Q

Conchoidal fracture

A

Shell-shaped fracture

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5
Q

Bulb of percussion

A

Area of conchoidal fracture produced during stone tool manufacture

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6
Q

Striking platform

A

Area where a stone tool is impacted during production of flakes

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7
Q

Core

A

Larger rock that has flakes removed from it for tool production

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8
Q

Flake

A

Smaller rock removed from a core during tool production

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9
Q

Hammerstone

A

Stone used to remove flakes from a core or to shape flakes after removal

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10
Q

Soft hammer

A

Similar to a hammerstone, but made of material softer than the rock core; often made of antler or bone

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11
Q

Reducing firing atmosphere

A

Limited supply of oxygen during ceramic firing, typically resulting in black and white ceramics

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12
Q

Temper

A

Non-plastic materials added to clay for ceramic production

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13
Q

reductive technology

A

Artifact production involves removing materials, with no possibility of replacing these

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14
Q

Additive technology

A

Artifact production involves adding materials as desired, permitting a finished product of any desired size or shape

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15
Q

Plastic

A

Materials that can be formed into any desired shape or form

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16
Q

Oxidizing firing atmosphere

A

Unlimited supply of oxygen during ceramic firing, typically resulting in red and buff or multicolour ceramics

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17
Q

Coiled ceramics

A

Ceramics produced by coiling a piece of clay into the desired shape (only form of ceramic production in the Americas prior to European contact)

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18
Q

Sherd/Shard

A

Name given to a fragmentary piece of ceramics (sherd in the Americas; shard in Britain)

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19
Q

censors

A

Name used in Mesoamerican archaeology for incense burners

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20
Q

Differential use of ceramics

A

Archaeological analysis of the distribution of ceramics in different contexts

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21
Q

weft

A

Moving element in weaving (left-to-right portions)

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22
Q

warp

A

Structural element in weaving (up-and-down portions)

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23
Q

bone cutting

A

Sawing or otherwise cutting through bone to produce a desired shape

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24
Q

bone grinding

A

Producing a desired shape in bone by abrading against a rough material like sandstone

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25
tempering
Reheating of quenched iron to decrease brittleness
26
quenching
rapid water cooling of carburized iron to increase strength (increases brittleness)
27
carburization
Process of introducing carbon from charcoal fires to iron
28
steel
Hardened iron produced through use of carbon from charcoal fires
29
iron
Relatively soft metal
30
bronze
Alloy of copper and tin
31
metallurgy
Producing metal artifacts by heating metal to melting point, sometimes combining different metals
32
tin
Alloyed with copper to produce bronze
33
copper
Widely used in early metal working, sometimes cold hammered into desired shape
34
hard metals
Copper, tin, iron
35
s twist
Cordage produced by twisting to the right
36
z twist
Cordage produced by twisting to the left
37
sewn basketry
Another name for coiled basketry
38
Constituent analysis
Analysis of the composition of artifacts, such as the source of lithic raw materials
39
form attributes
Attributes (often of artifacts) that are directly related to function
40
stylistic attributes
Attributes (often of artifacts) that are not directly related to function
41
symbolic gift giving
Gift exchange with greater concern for the act of exchange than the item exchanged
42
negative reciprocity
intentional indebtedness
43
balanced reciprocity
Equal value transactions
44
positive reciprocity
Exchange with no expectation of indebtedness
45
Ideology and status, as it relates to trade and exchange
Rare and valuable items used to enhance status, sometimes as sacred / religious icons
46
Information flow, as it relates to trade and exchange
social function of markets and exchange is to acquire knowledge, rather than materials
47
Alliance, as it relates to trade and exchange
Balanced positive redistribution strengthens social ties
48
Social integration, as it relates to trade and exchange
Exchange of items through bargaining
49
Market exchange
Exchange of items through bargaining
50
redistribution
Distribution of items through government control
51
fictive kin groups
Anthropological name for group affiliations not based on blood or marriage (clans, totems, etc.).
52
big man
Anthropological term (based on ethnographic research) used to describe individuals who accumulate status through material culture over the course of their lives
53
Hopewell
Archaeologically defined culture known for construction of elaborate earthen mounds, long-distance trade of exotic materials
54
mound builder
Generic name given to societies in eastern North America who constructed earthen mounds.
55
interaction sphere
Relatively long-distance interaction, seen archaeologically primarily through ritual behaviours (burials, etc.) and elite (non-essential) items
56
Mississippian culture
Name given to mound building culture that was still active at the time of European arrival (early 1500s) in southeastern North America
57
clan
Fictive kin group typically based upon a shared spirit animal; members of a clan may be related by blood, but this is not a necessary requirement
58
spiro
Large Mississippian mound site in modern Oklahoma, mostly destroyed by looters in the 1930s.
59
Caddoan Mississippian culture
Western-most extent of Mississippian culture in North America
60
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Widespread distribution of ritual materials and styles in southeastern North America (known as “Southern Cult” or “Buzzard Cult” in early publications)
61
cahokia
Largest village / city in North America prior to European contact
62
Archaeological signature of marketplace
Physical and material traits that permit distinguishing market activities in a physical space
63
Microartifact assemblages
Collections of material remains left behind at a market space because they were too small for the vendors to notice
64
Transient space
Location on the landscape that can be used for a variety of different purposes
65
inferred market system
Market system believed to have been employed by a past society
66
Archaeological signature of economic systems
Means of recognizing different economic systems through material remains left behind
67
Embedded transaction
Transactions can only occur between individuals with a standing relationship
68
atomized transaction
Impersonal transaction, assumes no prior relationship of people involved
69
economic rationality
Assumption underlying capitalist economic theory, that ancient markets would behave like modern markets
70
market system
Economic system of exchange where prices are determined through bargaining, rather than by a government
71

arch 101 (10 decks)

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