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arch 101 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Mortuary variability

A

Different dimensions of human burials (or burial populations) that can be studied

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2
Q

cultural modification

A

Changes to the human skeleton brought about by cultural behaviour, whether intentional or not

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3
Q

skeletal articulation

A

Refers to skeletal remains that are still in anatomical position

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4
Q

Post-mortem skeletal modification

A

Changes to the skeleton that occur after death

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5
Q

mortuary facility

A

Area where human remains are interred

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6
Q

inhumation

A

Burial of the deceased in the ground

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7
Q

Grave inclusions or grave goods

A

Items deliberately buried with the deceased

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8
Q

Age of incorporation

A

Age at which someone becomes a “person” within their society

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9
Q

Pueblo II Culture

A

Archaeologically defined culture phase in the northern American southwest, characterized by black-on-white pottery and multi-room pueblo structures

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10
Q

Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon

A

Large pueblo site in NW New Mexico

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11
Q

Hereditary leaders

A

People who are leaders because they are born into that position

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12
Q

Moche Culture

A

Archaeologically defined culture in Peru, characterized by elaborate ceramics, including fine-line painted vessels and mold-made vessels (including pornographic designs)

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13
Q

Lord of Sipán

A

Burial of elite individual of the Moche culture, believed to be a ruler due to the inclusions in the burial; one of the most elaborate burials ever discovered in the Americas.

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14
Q

burial communication

A

Idea that a human burial informs about the social position of the person buried

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15
Q

Grave Inclusion

A

Items deliberately buried with the deceased

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16
Q

Status

A

A person of higher status participates in a wider network of obligations than a person of lower status

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17
Q

Network of Obligations

A

Social duties required of a person

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18
Q

Social inequality

A

Assumes that status is rank ordered, with arbitrary divisions in the system

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19
Q

Social heterogeneity

A

Positions within society that are inherently unordered

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20
Q

socioeconomic status

A

Position in society based upon access to social resources

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21
Q

Relative status

A

Status differences that are not measured in absolute terms

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22
Q

Social Interaction

A

Social interaction can be exchanged for other resources

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23
Q

Elite

A

Top level of status

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24
Q

Stratification

A

Idea that there are multiple levels of social status (not just one or two)

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25
storage technology and status
Ability to store things, especially food, leads to creation of surplus; surplus items can be exchanged for status items
26
emulation
Attempt to portray oneself as having the same access to scarce resources as elites, usually involving “counterfeit” goods
27
Competitive display
Attempts to demonstrate high levels of social status through displays of wealth, such as destroying valuable items, providing massive amounts of food to the entire population, etc.
28
Elite and prestige goods
Goods available only to certain members of society, often a physical demonstration of social position
29
Social status vs Social identity vs Social persona
Position of an individual within their society vs The role by which a person is perceived in their society vs The combination of roles a person has within their society
30
Mortuary differentiation
Differences in burial
31
Mortuary complexity
The degree of effort put into burying the dead, reflected in the degree of elaboration in their burial
32
Creating and perpetuating ideology
Espousing and reiterating ideas within a society
33
Idealized social relationships
Social relationships presented as being proper or appropriate
34
Legitimization
A social explanation for why certain people or groups have more social power than others
35
Paleopathology
Evidence for illness or trauma seen in the skeleton
36
Porotic hyperostosis
Result of anemia; bone of the skull takes on a spongey appearance
37
Cribra orbitalia
Result of anemia; bone (normally in upper eye sockets) becomes porous
38
Paleodemography
Estimation of population size and structure for ancient society
39
Mortality profile
Age and sex distribution for a deceased population (such as a cemetery)
40
Hyoid
Free-floating bone in the throat; “Adam’s apple”
41
Harris lines
Lines of arrested growth in bone, typically the result of dietary or other forms of physiological stress during growth
42
Enamel hypoplasias
Lines of arrested growth in tooth enamel, typically the result of dietary or other forms of physiological stress during growth
43
Osteoarthritis
Disorder where the cartilage between bones wears away, often resulting in boney spurs (eburnation)
44
Dental caries
Dental cavities
45
Bone collagen
Organic component of bone
46
Stable isotopes
isotopes that are not radioactive and do not decay
47
C3 plants
plants from a moderate temperature zone with a specific metabolic pathway: trees, shrubs, wheat
48
C4 plants
Plants from a hot dry environment with a specific metabolic pathway: maize, tropical grasses
49
C4 rich diet isotopic signature
Isotopic evidence of a diet rich in C4 plants
50
Marrow extraction
Practice of removing bone marrow, typically by breaking bones open
51
Pot polish
Distinctive pattern of wear observed on bones cooked in a pot
52
Molecular archaeology
Use of genetic information in ancient human remains to reconstruct the past
53
Nuclear DNA
Genetic material found in a cell’s nucleus, responsible for an individual’s inherited traits
54
Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)
Genetic material found in the mitochondria of cells; inherited only from the mother
55
Denisovan
Name given to hominin form (known primarily from DNA) first discovered in Denisova Cave; considered a “sister” group to Neanderthals
56
Ancient DNA (aDNA)
DNA recovered from organic materials in archaeological sites
57
Neandertals
Fossil species of hominins, generally considered to be “cousins” to modern humans
58
Neandertal and modern human DNA similarities
Points where DNA converge between two hominin groups
59
NISP
Number of Identified Specimens (sometimes Number of Identified Specimens Present): raw count of identifiable bone fragments
60
MNI
Minimum Number of Individuals
61
Grand Mean Total
Part of MNI calculation: number of paired elements, divided by 2, + unpaired bones
62
Sexing
Attribution of the biological sex of a skeleton
63
“Rule of thumb” in sex determination
Attributing biological sex to a skeleton based on the shape of the sciatic notch of the innominate
64
Sciatic notch shape
Common diagnostic trait used to attribute the biological sex of a skeleton
65
Race Determination
Attribution of human skeletal remains to a particular genetic group
66
Epiphyseal fusion (union)
Normal, natural fusion of ends of a long bone (epiphyses) to the shaft (diaphysis)
67
Axial skeleton
Cranium, vertebral column (including sacrum), and ribs (including sternum)
68
Appendicular skeleton
Any part of the skeleton that is not axial
69
Cranium
Skull, including the mandible (jaw)
70
Foramen magnum
Large opening at the base of the skull permitting the spinal cord to connect to the brain
71
Dental formula
Name given to number of each type of tooth in each quandrant of the mouth; in humans, 2-1-2-3
72
Incisor teeth
2 central teeth in both upper and lower jaw
73
Canine teeth
Single tooth in both upper and lower jaw
74
Premolar teeth
2 teeth between canine and molars in both upper and lower jaw; aka bicuspids
75
Molar teeth
3 chewing teeth in both upper and lower jaws; 3rd molar also known as “wisdom” tooth, not present in all people
76
Vertebral column
Name given to all of the vertebrae; sometimes referred to as the “spinal column”
77
Cervical vertebrae
7 vertebrae of the neck; C1 known as Atlas; C2 known as Axis
78
Thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae where the ribs attach.
79
Lumbar vertebrae
5 vertebrae of the lower back
80
Sacrum
5 naturally fused vertebrae; articulates with the innominates to form the pelvis
81
Coxxyc vertebrae
“tail bone” vertebrae; numbers vary, but typically 3-5
82
innominate
Name given to 3 naturally fused bones, forming a portion of the pelvis
83
Ischium
One of three bones in the innominate; easiest to feel by sitting on a very hard surface, such as a concrete bench
84
Pubis
One of three bones in the innominate; left and right pubic bones fuse together
85
Ilium
One of three bones in the innominate; iliac crest can be felt just below the belt
86
Acetabulum
Socket joint where head of femur articulates with innominate; at fusion point for all three bones of the innominate
87
Femur
Upper leg bone or thigh bone
88
Tibia
One of two lower leg bones (shin bone)
89
Fibula
One of two lower leg bones; distal fibula often confused for the lateral “ankle”
90
Scapula
“shoulder blade”, part of the pelvic girdle
91
Clavicle
collar bone”
92
Humerus
Upper arm bone, part of the pelvic girdle
93
Ulna
One of two lower arm bones (forearm); point of elbow is the unla
94
Radius
One of two lower arm bones (forearm)
95
Talus
“ankle” bone
96
Calcaneus
“heel” bone
97
Tarsals
Short bones of the feet
98
Metatarsals
Long bones of the feet
99
Pes phalanges
toes
100
Carpals
8 small bones of the writs
101
Metacarpals
Long bones of the hands
102
Manus phalanges
fingers

arch 101 (10 decks)

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