module 6 Flashcards
(16 cards)
types of carbohydrates
- sugars (glucose, fructose both monosaccharides. fructose+glucose=sucrose–> dissacharide)
- starches eg. amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched). one bond between which is easily broken
- fibers(unbreakable bonds so it passses thru digestive system unchanged mostly)
fructose+glucose=?
sucrose (dissacharide)
carb digestion overview
starts in the mouth w mechanical and salivary amylase
then pancreatic amaylase in the small intestine. microvili (of vili in small intestine) secrete enzymes to breakdown dissacharides like lactase.
then large intestine (which has bacteria) will ferment soluble fibres which become short chain fatty acid
which type of sugars can be absorbed and how?
monosaccharides only like glucose
glucose absorbed via active transport protiens on either side of the villi. energy needed
absorbed thru villi-> submucosa->blood vessel->liver-?general blood system which is then the glycemic response
lactose intolerance
-lactose isnt broken down cuz lack of lactase from microvilli (brush border enzyme).
-ends up in large intestine
-bacteria ferments the lactose which turns into methane and that leads to symptoms of cramps, bloating, diahrhea
pancrease exocrine vs endocrine functions
endocrine: insulin or glucagon depending on blood sugar levels
exocrine: secrete into digestive tract
3 ways glucagon increases blood glucose levels
- glucogenolysis-break down glycogen into glucose
- gluconeogensis-amino acids into glucose
- lipolysis-glycerol of triglyceride (stored lipids) broken into glucose
Which of the following is not an outcome of diabetes?
Group of answer choices
numbness in feet
obesity
cardiovascular disease
excessive thirst
amputation
obesity
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
type 1 diabetes: an autoimmune disease where the body destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. results in little to no insulin production, requiring insulin injections. usually diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood.
type 2 diabetes: a metabolic disorder where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough. linked to lifestyle factors like diet, obesity, and inactivity. can be managed with diet, exercise, medication, and sometimes insulin. usually diagnosed in adulthood but increasing in younger people.
how is acetyl-coa from lipid metabolism broken down with and without carbohydrates?
with carbohydrates: fats break down into acetyl-coa through beta-oxidation. acetyl-coa enters the citric acid cycle, but it needs oxaloacetate (from carbs) to combine with it. with enough carbs, the cycle runs normally, producing ATP,
without carbohydrates: low carbs mean less oxaloacetate, so acetyl-coa can’t enter the citric acid cycle. instead, acetyl-coa builds up and gets converted into ketones for energy
hypoglycemia two types
reactive hypoglycemia: usually due to the body releasing too much insulin, causing blood sugar to drop too low. or injecting tm
non-reactive hypoglycemia: usually caused by fasting, medical conditions (liver/kidney disease), hormone imbalances, or certain medications.
do non nutritive sweeteners have a significant effect on weight and disease
naur. no concrete evidence that it reduces bmi
which carb is associated w lower bmi
fibre
how are cavities caused
bacteria that thrive off of sugar/carbs which released an acid that breaks down enamel and causes holes.
soluble fibre reduces ___ cholesterol
LDL (bad) also regulates blood sugar
FODMAP and why its relevant
fermentable oligosaccharides, disac, monosac, and polyols. these are foods to avoid (short chain carbs) for ppl with ibsas avoiding these can reduce symptoms. eg) beans
