Module 6 (Biochem Bioenergetics) Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
A
energy cannot be created or destroyed
cannot gain or lose energy in a closed system
2
Q
What does conversion of one form of energy to another lead to?
A
a loss of energy in the form of heat
3
Q
High or low potential energy: high organized system
A
high potential energy
4
Q
What is entropy?
A
high chaos, high measure of disorder
5
Q
High or low potential energy: disorganized
system (high entropy)
A
low potential energy
6
Q
What is the natural trend toward?
A
towards high chaos (en-
tropy) and low potential energy
to find the most stale state
in a system
7
Q
Metabolism=
A
catabolism + anabolism
8
Q
Define metabolism
A
sum of all biochemical re-
actions
9
Q
Define catabolism
A
sum of all degradative reactions
10
Q
Define anabolism
A
sum of all biosynthetic re-
actions
11
Q
What do catabolic pathways result in?
A
generation of energy (ATP)
12
Q
Anabolic pathways:
A
require ATP and reduced
electron carriers
13
Q
Citrate is a C____ compound
A
6
14
Q
What catalyzes the transfer of phosphate
groups from one organic molecule to another?
A
kinases
15
Q
In the CAC cycle, what does acetyl-CoA get
combined with to form citrate?
A
oxaloacetate
16
Q
Fermentation converts NADH to NAD+ so it
can be used in:
A
glycolysis
17
Q
What coenzyme relies on fiboflavin?
A
FAD
18
Q
What metabolite is the point of convergence
of carbohydrate, fat, and protein catabolism
for the purpose of ATP production?
A
acetyl-CoA
19
Q
In what way do catabolic pathways deliver
chemical energy?
A
in the form of:
ATP. NADH, NADPH,
FADH2
20
Q
What pathway converts small precursor molecules into cellular macromolecules?
A
anabolic
21
Q
Where do anabolic pathways get electrons
from to reduce carbon?
A
NADH, NADPH, FADH2
22
Q
What do anabolic pathways do?
A
require energy and reduce
carbon
23
Q
What is the most highly oxidized form of carbon found in living systems?
A
CO2
24
Q
What compounds have the highest potential
to be oxidized?
A
hydrocarbons
25
What type of organisms use photosynthesis?
phototrophs
26
What type of organisms use cellular respiration?
heterotrophs
27
What happens during cellular respiration to
glucose?
it is oxidized all the way to
CO2 and H2O
results in ATP
28
Relationship between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
same contents, go in oppo-
site directions
photo = sunlight
resp = ATP
29
What happens to CO2 in photosynthesis?
gets reduced back to organic carbon
30
What pathway is cellular respiration?
catabolism
31
What macronutrients are used in cellular respiration?
amino acids (proteins)
fatty acids (fats)
glucose (carbs)
32
Stage 1 of cellular respiration:
oxidation of macronutrients
to get acetyl-CoA
produces some electrons
33
Stage 2 of cellular respiration:
oxidation of acetyl groups
in CAC
34
What happens to carbon in step 2 of cellular
respiration?
carbon gets oxidized
lots of electrons are produced
35
What are the universal electron carriers/re-
duced electron carriers?
NADH
FADH2
36
How many steps are there in the CAC which
abstract electrons?
4
36
What carries the electrons from stage 2 to
stage 3 of cellular respiration?
NADH and FADH2
37
Stage 3 of cellular respiration:
electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
38
In stage 3, where do the electrons go?
funneled into respiratory
(electron-transfer) chain
39
What do the electrons in stage 3 do?
attach to oxygen (reducing
it), forming H2O
40
What does the flow of electrons in stage 3
produce?
drives production of ATP
41
What stages of cellular respiration oxidize
carbon?
1 and 2
42
What stages of cellular respiration reduce
oxygen?
3
43
What is the macronutrient make-up of ATP?
nucleotide
44
What stages do the electrons come from in
cellular respiration?
1 and 2
45
What is the universal energy carrier?
ATP
46
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
energy production in the
form of ATP
47
What type of process is glycolysis?
catabolic
48
What is glycolysis and how many phases?
splitting of sugar
2 phases
49
How many enzymatic steps take place in glycolysis?
10
50
What is special about the enzymes in glycolysis?
magnesium dependent
51
What is a cofactor of many enzymes in glycolysis?
magnesium
52
In glycolysis, what is produced for each glu-
cose molecule?
2 NADH
2 ATP
53
What is the primary source of metabolic en-
ergy in mammalian tissues and cell types?
glycolysis
54
What happens to glucose in glycolysis?
oxidized to 2 molecules of
pyruvate
55
What is energy conserved as in glycolysis?
ATP and NADH
56
What is required for glycolysis to start?
2 NAD+
57
Reversible or not: kinase activity
non-reversible
58
Reversible or not: phosphatase activity
non-reversible
59
Reversible or not: isomerase reactions
reversible
60
What removes a phosphate group, yielding
inorganic phosphate (Pi)?
phosphatase
61
What catalyzes the formation of an isomer of
the substrate (requires breaking a bond)?
isomerase
62
What catalyzes the redox reactions of coen-
zyme NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2?
dehydrogenase
63
What stage of cellular respiration does gly-
colysis occur for glucose?
1
64
What stage does the CAC occur in cellular
respiration?
2
65
Where does the CAC/Kreb's cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
66
What process involves going from large molecules to smaller ones?
catabolic
67
What is the CAC yield per acetyl-CoA?
2 CO2 (waste)
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
68
Where do the products of NADH and FADH2
from the CAC go?
into electron transport
chain in stage 3 of cellular
respiration to produce ATP
69
How do you find the glucose yield of the
CAC?
multiply its products from
acetyl-CoA by 2
70
Practice CAC diagram
71
Most of the reactions in the CAC are...
reversible
72
What is carbon oxidized to in stages 1 and 2
in cellular respiration?
completely oxidized to
CO2
73
Which of the following cannot be a cofactor
or coenzyme?
a polypeptide
74
Vitamins that can be micronutrients requirements
B1-5
75
Minerals that can be micronutrient require-
ments
magnesium, iron, copper
76
B1, thiamin
coenzyme TPP
77
B2, riboflavin
coenzyme FAD
78
B3, niacin
coenzymes NAD+ and
NADP+
79
B5, pantothenic acid
coenzyme A
80
When does fermentation occur?
anaerobic conditions in
skeletal muscle
no mitochondria (red blood
cells)
81
What do RBCs use to produce ATP?
fermentation
82
What happens during the fermentation
process?
NADH is recycled back into
NAD+ to be used in glycol-
ysis
83
citric acid formula
84
citrate formula
85
The reactants of cellular respiration of glu-
cose + 6O2 have...
high potential energy
86
The products of cellular respiration equation
of 6CO2 + 6H2O have...
low potential energy
87
What are the links between oxidation and re-
duction?
NADH and FADH2
88
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take
place?
inner membrane of mito-
chondria
89
Oxidative phosphorylation =
ETC + ATP synthesis
90
What are the micronutrients for the ETC?
iron, copper, riboflavin
(FMN, FAD)
91
How many metabolites are in the Kreb's cycle?
8
92
How many enzymes are in the Kreb's cycle?
8
93
What type of process is the Kreb's cycle?
anabolic
going from 2 smaller molecules to 1 larger
94
Where does the energy come from to de-
crease entropy in the Kreb's cycle?
high energy bond between
acetyl group and coenzyme A
95
Stages of fatty acid oxidation
2. CAC
3. oxidative phosphorylation
96
Stage 1 of fatty acid oxidation
4 recurring enzymatic reactions
long chain fatty acid oxidized to yield acetyl-coA
97
What is required for stage 1 of fatty acid oxi-
dation?
must be at least 4 satu-
rated carbons or saturated
fatty acids
98
What breaks down triacylglycerols?
lipases
99
Triacylglycerol -->
3 fatty acids + glycerol
100
What is the cost of activation for fatty acid
catabolism?
2 ATP
101
Fatty acid -->
fatty acyl-CoA
(then goes to beta oxida-
tion)
102
What does beta oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA
yield?
1 NADH
1 FADH2
1 acetyl-coA
103
What does the last cycle of fat catabolism
lead to?
2 acetyl-CoA
104
What breaks down protein in amino acid ca-
tabolism?
proteases
105
Protein -->
amino acids
106
Amino acids -->
NH4 + metabolites (C, H,
O)
107
What does NH4 get converted to?
nontoxic urea (waste) and
disposed
108
What do the metabolites from amino acid catabolism get converted into?
pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
or just straight to
acetyl-CoA
109
Once something is converted to acetyl-CoA,
where does it go?
Kreb's cycle, then oxidative
phosphorylation
110
Overall yield of ATP per glucose
30-32 ATP
111
What does ATP per fatty acid depend on?
size of fatty acid produced
in beta oxidation
physiological state of the
human body
112
What does ATP per amino acid depend on?
which amino acid
physiological state of hu-
man body
113
What happens chemically during fermentation?
keytone group in pyruvate
gets reduced to hydroxyl
group
114
How many electrons are needed to re-
duce carbonyl group in pyruvate to hydroxyl
group?
2 electrons from NADH
115
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
116
What is the starting point of the preparatory
phase of glycolysis?
glucose
117
What is the end point of the preparatory
phase of glycolysis?
glyceraldehyde 3-P
118
What is the starting point of the pay-off phase
of glycolysis?
glyceraldehyde 3-P
119
What is the cost of glucose being energetical-
ly activated or to make it more reactive?
2 ATP
120
What happens during the preparatory phase
of glycolysis?
phosphorylation of glucose
and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
121
For each glucose molecule, how many glyc-
eraldehyde 3-P molecules are formed?
2
122
How many ATP are produced in the payoff
phase of glycolysis?
4
123
What are the 2 regulated enzymes involved in
the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
124
Isomer of glyceraldehyde 3-P
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
125
Which enzyme is involved in the first priming
reaction of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
hexokinase
126
What is produced during the first and second
priming reaction?
ATP to ADP
127
Which enzyme is involved in the second priming reaction of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
128
During the preparatory phase of glycolysis, 2
ATP are invested to activate glucose to:
fructose 1,6-biphosphate
129
Glucose
C6
130
Pyruvate
C3
131
What is the starting point of the glycolysis
pay-off phase?
glyceraldehyde 3-P
132
What is the end point of the glycolysis pay-off
phase?
pyruvate
133
What is the regulated enzyme involved in the
glycolysis pay-off phase?
pyruvate kinase
134
The potential energy of the 2 molecules of
glyceraldehyde 3-P metabolite can be reaped
as:
2 NADH and 4ATP per glucose
135
What is glyceraldehyde 3-P derived from?
glucose
136
Where does glyceraldehyde 3-P get oxidized
at in the payoff phase of glycolysis?
C-1
137
What is the yield per 1 glyceraldehyde 3-P
metabolite in pay off phase:
1 NADH and 2 ATP
138
What phase of glycolysis: oxidative conver-
sion of glyceraldehyde 3-P to pyruvate and
the coupled formation of ATP and NADH
pay off phase
139
How many pyruvate are reaped from 1 glu-
cose in glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
140
What can glycolysis be revered into in order
to increase blood glucose level in times of
starvation?
gluconeogenesis
141
What happens during the last step in stage 1
after glycolysis?
pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex
142
Where is the pyruvate dehydrogenase com-
plex located?
matrix of mitochondria
143
What is the first step in the PDH complex?
decarboxylation, removal
of a carbon atom from
pyruvate
144
What does the pyruvate dehydrogenase com-
plex do?
catalyzes the conversion of
pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
145
What does the oxidative decarboxylation pro-
duce?
NADH, CO2
