Module 4 (ChatGPT)

Question 1

What type of cells make up adipose tissue?

Answer 1

Adipocytes.

Question 2

From what do adipocytes originate?

Answer 2

Embryonic mesenchyme as lipoblasts.

Question 3

What primary function does adipose tissue serve?

Answer 3

Storage of neutral fats for energy.

Question 4

Which hormone is produced by adipocytes to regulate appetite?

Answer 4

Leptin.

Question 5

Name two additional functions of adipose tissue.

Answer 5

Insulation and cushioning.

Question 6

Where are adipose tissue cushions found in the body?

Answer 6

Palms, heels, toes.

Question 7

How much of body weight is typically made up of adipose tissue?

Answer 7

15-20%.

Question 8

What happens to adipocyte size in adulthood during weight gain?

Answer 8

They increase by storing more lipid droplets.

Question 9

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

Answer 9

White and brown adipose tissue.

Question 10

What is the role of caveolae in adipocytes?

Answer 10

Involved in lipid trafficking.

Question 11

Where is white adipose tissue commonly located?

Answer 11

Under the skin (hypodermis).

Question 12

What role does white adipose play in thermal insulation?

Answer 12

Provides insulation in regions like the belly and thighs.

Question 13

Where in the cell are the nucleus and cytoplasm located in white adipocytes?

Answer 13

Pushed to the periphery.

Question 14

Why does white adipose appear empty in microscopy images?

Answer 14

Lipid dissolves during staining.

Question 15

How do hormones affect white adipose distribution?

Answer 15

Hormonal changes influence distribution, especially during puberty.

Question 16

What are carotenoids’ impact on white adipose?

Answer 16

Affect its color when dissolved.

Question 17

Name a key metabolic hormone produced by adipocytes.

Answer 17

Leptin.

Question 18

Which organ surrounds retroperitoneal adipose tissue?

Answer 18

Kidneys.

Question 19

What protein allows brown adipocytes to release energy as heat?

Answer 19

Thermogenin (UCP1).

Question 20

Why is brown adipose tissue abundant in infants?

Answer 20

To prevent heat loss.

Question 21

What characteristic do all types of cartilage share?

Answer 21

Avascularity (lack of blood vessels).

Question 22

How do cartilage cells receive nutrients?

Answer 22

Through diffusion from the surrounding perichondrium.

Question 23

What is the role of lacunae in cartilage?

Answer 23

Space surrounding chondrocytes after cell shrinkage.

Question 24

Name the young, active cells that secrete cartilage matrix.

Answer 24

Chondroblasts.

Question 25

What are chondrocytes?

Answer 25

Mature cartilage cells that are less active.

Question 26

Define 'isogenic group' in cartilage.

Answer 26

A group of cells that come from the same mother cell.

Question 27

Which cartilage does not have a perichondrium?

Answer 27

Joint (articular) cartilage.

Question 28

What fibers are present in the perichondrium?

Answer 28

Collagen type I.

Question 29

What role does the perichondrium play in cartilage?

Answer 29

Supports growth and maintenance.

Question 30

What are proteoglycans, and why are they important in cartilage?

Answer 30

Molecules that bind water, providing flexibility.

Question 31

Which type of cartilage is composed of 75% water?

Answer 31

Hyaline cartilage.

Question 32

What is the main fiber in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 32

Collagen type II.

Question 33

What is the territorial matrix in cartilage?

Answer 33

The matrix immediately surrounding chondrocytes, rich in proteoglycans.

Question 34

What is the interterritorial matrix?

Answer 34

Matrix between cells, rich in collagen type II.

Question 35

What are 'nest cells' in hyaline cartilage?

Answer 35

Groups of cells from the same mother cell.

Question 36

How does cartilage act as a shock absorber?

Answer 36

Through its highly sulfated ground substance.

Question 37

What staining difference distinguishes elastic cartilage?

Answer 37

Darker staining due to elastic fibers.

Question 38

What type of cartilage contains both dense connective tissue and hyaline characteristics?

Answer 38

Fibrocartilage.

Question 39

Which cartilage type is found in the ear pinna and epiglottis?

Answer 39

Elastic cartilage.

Question 40

What is the main function of the territorial matrix?

Answer 40

Supporting individual chondrocytes.

Question 41

How does cartilage differ from other connective tissues?

Answer 41

It is avascular and lacks nerves.

Question 42

Where are chondrocytes located in cartilage?

Answer 42

Within lacunae.

Question 43

What is the main function of chondroblasts?

Answer 43

To secrete the cartilage matrix.

Question 44

Why are proteoglycans crucial in cartilage?

Answer 44

They retain water, contributing to flexibility and shock absorption.

Question 45

What role does hyaline cartilage play in bone formation?

Answer 45

Acts as a template for long and irregular bone formation.

Question 46

Which cartilage type contains visible collagen type I fibers?

Answer 46

Fibrocartilage.

Question 47

Why is articular cartilage dependent on synovial fluid?

Answer 47

Lacks perichondrium for nutrient supply.

Question 48

Where in the body can fibrocartilage be found?

Answer 48

Intervertebral discs and knee meniscus.

Question 49

What collagen differentiates fibrocartilage histology?

Answer 49

Collagen type I fibers.

Question 50

How do perichondrium and synovial fluid differ in function?

Answer 50

Both supply nutrients, but the perichondrium surrounds most cartilage types, while synovial fluid nourishes articular cartilage.

Question 51

Define lacuna.

Answer 51

A space surrounding a chondrocyte within the cartilage matrix.

Question 52

What role does brown adipose play in thermogenesis?

Answer 52

Releases energy as heat via thermogenin.

Question 53

Which cells secrete cartilage matrix during cartilage growth?

Answer 53

Chondroblasts.

Question 54

What structure surrounds most cartilages?

Answer 54

Perichondrium.

Question 55

How does brown adipose tissue produce heat without shivering?

Answer 55

Through non-shivering thermogenesis.

Question 56

Where is white adipose tissue located in the skin?

Answer 56

Hypodermis.

Question 57

What makes adipose tissue highly vascular?

Answer 57

Large numbers of blood vessels surrounding adipocytes.

Question 58

What factor in cartilage binds water for shock absorption?

Answer 58

Highly sulfated ground substance in proteoglycans.

Question 59

Which adipose tissue is thermogenic?

Answer 59

Brown adipose.

Question 60

What unique structural feature distinguishes brown adipocytes?

Answer 60

Central nucleus, not pushed to the periphery.