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ecology exam 2 and 3 > module 7 > Flashcards

module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

surface area

A

rate of exchange

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2
Q

volume

A

rate of use/production

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3
Q

as surface area increases

A

size increase and volume increases

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4
Q

surface area increase and ability to exchange

A

ability to exchange quicker

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5
Q

SA to volume ratio increases

A

in smaller organisms, better oxygen in and out, obtains nutrients faster

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6
Q

SA to volume ration decreases

A

in larger organisms, limited oxygen in and out, refrain from loosing heat

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7
Q

A convulted surface

A

increases the surface area of the organisms

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8
Q

animals require oxygen

most organisms are increase what

A

most organisms are oxygen regulators, increase surface area

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9
Q

oxygen in water is

A

-oxygen less soluble in water

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10
Q

as temp increases solubility of oxygen

A

decreases

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11
Q

concurrent flow

A

maintain gradient by water flowing opposite the way blood flows

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12
Q

herbivores

A

feed on plants

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13
Q

carnivore

A

feed on flesh

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14
Q

detrivores

A

feed on non living organic matter

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15
Q

animals can respond to evironment variations in two ways

A

conform

regulate

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16
Q

Conformers

A

changes in external environment cause parallel changes in body

unable to maintain consistent internal conditions different than the external environment

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17
Q

conformers ability to survive depends on

A

depends on its range of tolerance to internal changes

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18
Q

Regulators

A

changes in external environment do not cause internal changes
able to maintain consistent internal conditions
Different than external environment
over a broad range of environmental conditions

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19
Q

Conformity Benefits

A

low energetic expenditure

mechanisms to maintain a consistent internal environment not needed

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20
Q

conformity costs

A

If environmental conditions are not optimal

Can lead to reduced activity, growth, reproduction

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21
Q

Regulation
benefits
and costs

A 
Benefits 
Greatly extended range of environmental conditions for:
Activity
Growth
Reproduction 
Increased level of performance

Costs
Usually energetically expensive

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22
Q

Homeostasis

depends on

A

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in a varying external environment
Depends on negative feedback

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23
Q

Wia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We – Ws (+ Wm)

A 
Wia= Animal’s internal water
Wd = Drinking
Wf = Food
Wa = Absorbed from air
We = Evaporation
Ws = Secretion / Excretion
Wm = Metabolic Water
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24
Q

Metabolic water

A

refers to the water released during cellular respiration.

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25
more concentrated urine
less water loss
26
less concentrated urine
more water loss
27
estivation
Some animals in arid regions enter estivation avoid effects of drought through a period of dormancy (physiological inactivity) Spadefoot toads in the desert southwest
28
If two environments differ in water or salt concentrations, Substances will tend to move osmosis
Substances will tend to move down their concentration gradients. Diffusion Osmosis: Diffusion of Water through a semipermeable membrane.
29
Isosmotic
Body fluids and external fluid are at the same concentration.
30
Hypoosmotic
Body fluids are at a higher H20 (lower salt) concentration than the external environment.
31
Hyperosmotic
Body fluids are at a lower H20 (higher salt) concentration than the external environment.
32
Marine Invertebrates
Isomotic organisms
33
Sharks, skates, rays
Hyperosmotic to seawater.
34
Marine bony fish
Strongly hypoosmotic
35
Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates
Hyperosmotic organisms | and lose salt
36
Poikilotherms
Body temperature varies directly with environmental temperature.
37
Homeotherms
maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
38
Ectotherms
Rely mainly on external energy sources.
39
Endotherms
Rely heavily on metabolic energy.
40
Ectothermy
``` Reliance on external sources to maintain body temperature Used to: Elevate Body Temperature Solar Radiation Conduction of heat from warm surface Reduce body temperature Reducing rate of Temperature Increase Shade Conduction of heat to cooler substance ```
41
Endothermy
Use of elevated metabolism in response to body cooling to maintain body temperature Usually for homeothermy Cooling Shivering Heating Increased activity Also reduction in body temperature in stress periods
42
homeothermy
Homeothermy Maintenance of a constant body temperature Usually warmer than Environment “Warm-Blooded”
43
Poikilothermy
Poikilothermy Failure to regulate body temperature Conformance to environmental Temperature “Cold-Blooded”
44
Advantages of Homeothermy
Constant rate of chemical processes Processes optimized Can live in wider Range of environments
45
Disadvantages of Homeothermy Poikilothermy more
Requires Energy to maintain Homeostasis | Poikilothermy can give better survival during stress periods – Flexibility
46
Regulatory
Short-term Response Changes in Physiological rates and Behavior Utilize Existing Adaptations & Morphology
47
Acclimation
Longer-term physiological or morphological Reversible -seasonal changes
48
Developmental
Response to Slow Changes Lead to Genetic or Morphological Changes Not Reversible
49
HS = Hm ± Hcd ± Hcv ± Hr - He
``` HS = Total heat stored in an organism Hm = Gained via metabolism Hcd = Gained / lost via conduction Hcv = Gained / lost via convection Hr = Gained / lost via electromag. radiation He = Lost via evaporation ```
50
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | resting metabolic rate
Metabolic rate of an organism that is resting quietly and in postabsorptive state. Similar to Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) Minimal metabolic rate
51
Thermal neutral zone
Range of environmental temperatures over which metabolic rate of homeothermic animal does not change.-metabolic rate constant Breadth Indicates tolerances Varies among endothermic species.
52
Lower Critical Temperature
Lowest Temperature an organism is able to maintain body temperature without additional metabolism Depends on BMR & Conductance Temperature ↓ = Heat loss ↑ Lower Temperatures Require Additional Heat Production Limited by ability to gather Food
53
Lower Critical Environmental Temperature
Temperature at which metabolism can not support gathering of food and maintenance of body temperature Must use body stores. must use fat
54
Lower Critical Physiological Temperature
Temperature at which metabolism can no longer produce enough heat to compensate for heat loss Survival limited by rate of heat loss & maximum metabolic rate.
55
Upper Critical Temperature
Highest Ambient Temperature at which an organism is able to maintain body temperature without additional metabolism Depends on BMR & Conductance Higher temperatures require additional energy for heat dissipation Limited by ability to dissipate heat without producing excess heat
56
Allen's Rule
Certain extremities of animals are relatively shorter in cooler parts of a species' range than in warmer parts.
57
Bergmann's Rule
Geographic races of a species possessing smaller body size are found in the warmer parts of the range, and races of larger body size in cooler parts.
58
Gloger's Rule
Dark pigments increase in races of animals living in warm and humid habitats.
59
Torpor
Temporary condition of lowered body temperature and inactivity Decreased Heart Rate Decreased Metabolism Slowed or Missing Reactions Hummingbirds enter a state of torpor when food is scarce and night temps are extreme
60
Extended Torpur
Hibernation - Winter | Estivation - Summer
61
Surviving Extreme Temperatures
``` Inactivity Seek shelter during extreme periods Utilize Microclimates Minimize Gradients Reduce Exposure Huddling Curling Puffing ```
62
Energy Conservation Adaptations
Decreasing Gradients Insulation – Fur, Feather, Fat Movements Shuttling – Alternating locations to maintain body Temperature
63
Aquatic Environments
Mostly Ectothermic Endothermic responses Limited to a few Species Countercurrent Flow Maintains Core Temperature Surface Considerably Cooler Allows Rapid Adjustment to Environment Core systems relatively constant
64
almost all plants are what
poikilothermic ectotherms.

ecology exam 2 and 3 (10 decks)

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