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ecology exam 2 and 3 > module 8 > Flashcards

module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A 
A group of interacting organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Bound by:
Geography
Behavior
Resources
Convenience
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2
Q

Population Structure

A 
All features of population that characterize the population
-Biotic Structure
# of Individuals & Density
Age Classes
-Spatial Structure
Geographic Distribution
Arrangement & Size of Habitats
Spatial arrangement of Individuals
Dispersion and Spacing
Movement Patterns 
-Genetic Structure & Variation
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3
Q

Organisms May Be:

Unitary

A

exists as individuals

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4
Q

Modular

A

Most plants are modular

develop by branching, producing repeated structural units (modules)

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5
Q

Stolons

A

specialized stems that grow above the ground surface

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6
Q

Rhizomes

A

specialized stems that grow below the ground surface

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7
Q

Suckers

A

New stems that sprout from surface roots

May appear to be individuals

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8
Q

Genet

A

Plant produced by sexual reproduction

A genetic individual

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9
Q

Ramet

A

Module produced asexually by a genet

A clone

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10
Q

Geographic Range is an

determined by

A

Geographic area in which a species occur

Determined by Ecological Range
Species’ range of conditions
Constrained by:
Geographic Barriers
Distance
Physical Features
Competition
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11
Q

Ubiquitous species

A

Geographically widespread distribution

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12
Q

Endemic species

many endemic species have

A

Geographically restricted distribution

many endemic species have specialized habitat requirements

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13
Q

Climate often influences species distributions via:

A

Food production
Water supply
Habitat
Incidence of parasites, pathogens & competitors.

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14
Q

Geographic Range Encompasses Lifetime
One Area may be used Little
Range often Divided by

A

One Area may be used Little
Range often Divided by:
Life-stages
Temporal Use

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15
Q

Migration

A 
Annual of seasonal movement of animals
Driven by:
Local Climate & Seasons
Food Availability
Variations in Life cycle
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16
Q

Dispersal

A

One-way Movement of individuals

away from native or current habitat or existing population

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17
Q

Dispersal driven by

A 
Reproduction
Resources
Competition
Changing Environment
Natural 
Man Made
Natural Cycles
Often occurs in Rapid Pulses
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18
Q

Dispersal
is movement away from
To Areas of
Dispersal coupled with. Maintains Distribution

A

Movement of individuals
Away from Birthplace
To Areas of Lesser Density
Dispersal coupled with Ecological Range Maintains Distribution

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19
Q

Dispersal in Rivers & Streams

A 
Stream dwellers 
mechanisms to allow them to maintain their stream position.
Streamlined bodies
Bottom-dwelling
Adhesion to surfaces
Tend to get washed downstream in spates.
Upstream Dispersal
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20
Q

Colonization cycle

populations maintained via

A

populations maintained via dynamic interplay between downstream and upstream dispersal.

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21
Q

Habitat

A

The Place where an organism lives
Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular animal and plant species
Characterized by dominant plant form or physical features

22
Q

Landscape Features Varied

organisms are not always

A

Suitable Habitat Not Equally Distributed

Organisms not Equally Distributed

23
Q

Subpopulations

A 
Local Groups of larger population of organisms that lives in a Habitat Patch
Subpopulations Interact 
But Interaction Limited
Maintains Genetic Pool
Different Population Dynamics
Growth Rates
Sex Ratios
24
Q

Habitat Patches

geographically

A

Geographically Isolated
Uninhabitable Land
Interchange Occur

25
Spatial Distribution | range determined by:
Frequency of Exchange Environmental Conditions Interactions with Other Species
26
Hierarchy of Distribution | ____ uses of landscapes
Different Factors at Different Scales | Varying uses of Landscapes
27
``` Random lack of ___ ____ distribution resources ____ limiting lack of ____ competition of aggression _____ mutual attraction ```
``` Lack of Pattern Factors Random distribution of resources. Resources not Limiting Overall Amounts Vary across Landscape Lack of Strong Interactive or Social Forces Little Competition or Aggression Ambiguous Dispersal Tendencies No Mutual Attraction ```
28
Regular also called ____ use of areas ______ behaviors and competition
``` Also Called Uniform, Even Uniformly spaced Exclusive use of areas. Factors: Homogeneous Resource Distribution Relatively Common but likely somewhat Limited Why? Individuals avoid one another. Aggressive Behaviors and Competition Strong Dispersal Tendencies ```
29
``` Clumped also called what _____ chance of being anywhere form _____ ______ resource distribution resources are ______ attraction ______ dispersal tendencies ```
``` Also called Aggregated Unequal chance of being anywhere Form groups Factors Heterogenous resource distribution. Abundant where found Mutual attraction between individuals. Weak Dispersal Tendencies ```
30
A metapopulation | connected by
Collection of groups (subpopulations) living on patches of habitat connected by an exchange of individuals.
31
Metapopulation Source-Sink Dynamics source produce enough offspring to ____
``` Source Produce enough offspring to maintain population size Often in excess Young move to sinks Often superior habitat quality Sink Reproduction < Death Maintained by Immigration ```
32
Populations Maintained by Turnover Event
``` Extinction Subsequent recolonization of local population Rates determined by: Individual population dynamics Isolation ```
33
``` Rate of Extinction Higher in: _____ populations ____ habitats slight increase in ______ immigration ______ negabile ```
``` Small populations Small habitat Isolation Negligible Slight increase limited immigration ```
34
``` Rate of Colonization higher in ____ habitats _____ isolated _____ negligible reduction when competition _____ ```
``` Higher in: Large Habitats Less Isolated Population size Negligible Slight reduction increased competition ```
35
Metapopulations are valuable
Valuable for populations with Patchy Habitats Patchiness of Suitable Habitat Influenced by specialization of species Mistletoe Patchiness caused by other species Canopy Gap Plants Patchiness Caused by Topographical Variations Patchiness Caused by Human Activities
36
Density
``` # of individuals / unit area Biomass / area ```
37
Abundance
Actual number/biomass of organisms
38
In general, population density declines | with _____ organism size
with increasing organism size.
39
Herbivorous mammals | Population density with increased body size.
Population density decreased with increased body size.
40
Aquatic invertebrates
Tend to have higher population densities than terrestrial invertebrates of similar size.
41
Mammals
tend to have higher population densities than birds of similar size
42
Plant populations density Density _____ with plant size. Underlying details are very different.
Density decreases with increasing plant size. Underlying details are very different. Tree seedlings can live at very high densities, But as the trees grow, density declines progressively until mature trees are at low densities. Self-thinning Rule
43
survival is estimated
Estimated with Life-Tables
44
two main types of estimation | age distribution
``` Life Tables -Cohort life table Identify individuals born at same time Keep records from birth. -Static life table Record age at death of individuals Estimate # born & mortality Rates ``` Age distribution Calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class. Assumes differences from mortality.
45
Population with non-overlapping generations
Does not have an age structure individuals reproduce and die within a single season annual plants and some insects
46
Population with overlapping generations
Has an age structure Individuals in different age classes reproduction is restricted to certain age classes mortality is more common in certain age classes
47
Populations can be divided into three ecologically important age classes
prereproductive reproductive postreproductive
48
Age Structure
Number of Different Age Classes | Number of Individuals in Each
49
Populations of sexually reproducing organisms usually have a sex ratio close to
1:1 (males:females)
50
Most mammalian populations sex ratio at birth(secondary sex ratio)
slightly weighted towards males
51
Shifts towards females in older age classes
males generally have a shorter life span than females | many characterized by rivalries among males for resources/mates
52
Determining Age
Examining a sample of bodies of individuals that have died and determine their ages at death Characteristics that indicate age wear and replacement of teeth growth rings in the teeth or horns plumage changes and wear in birds annual growth rings on scales and ear bones in fish

ecology exam 2 and 3 (10 decks)

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