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ANAT 516 > Module 7 - Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Module 7 - Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

The hypothalamus is part of the X, but it functions as part of the Y

A

diencephalon

limbic system

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2
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

To help us maintain homeostasis in the entire body, through influences on the endocrine system and sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

Of what is the limbic system comprised?

A

A section of cortex visible on the medial section of the brain. It is comprised of the cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus.

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4
Q

What is the hippocampus primarily involved in?

A

Memory

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5
Q

What is the amygdala primarily responsible for?

A

Emotional processing

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6
Q

What is the outflow from the hippocampus called?

A

The fornix

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7
Q

What is the uncus?

A

The uncus is the anterior extension of the parahippocampal gyrus. It is immediately recognisable through its hook like shape.

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8
Q

What is directly underneath the uncus?

A

the amygdala

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9
Q

Where does the amygdala lie in relation to the hippocampus?

A

Superior and anterior

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10
Q

The amygdala is a key structure in what?

A

emotion, emotional memory, and basic drives

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11
Q

Of what three structures is the diencephalon comprised?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Subthalamus

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12
Q

What are the anterior bounderies of the hypothalamus?

A

The anterior commissure and the optic chiasm

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13
Q

What is the superior boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamic sulcus

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14
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the hypothalamus?

A

The mamillary bodies

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15
Q

The hypothalamus forms the walls of what?

A

The inferior portion of the third ventricle

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16
Q

The hypothalamus is inferior to X

A

The thalamus

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17
Q

The hypothalamus links the neural and endocrine systems through what structure?

A

The pituitary gland

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18
Q

The hypothalamus is involved in many functions, the 4 main ones are:

A
  1. Maintenance of homeostasis
  2. Emotional, motivational, and affective aspects of behaviour through links with the limbic system
  3. Regulation of food intake, body weight, temperature, reproduction, sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms
  4. Controls the function of the pituitary gland
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19
Q

There are five primary groups of nuclei in the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the anterior area nuclei?

A
  1. parasympathetic
  2. down-regulation of body temperature
  3. sleep
  4. eating
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20
Q

There are five primary groups of nuclei in the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the posterior area nuclei?

A
  1. sympathetic
  2. up-regulation of body temperature
  3. wakefulness
  4. arousal
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21
Q

There are five primary groups of nuclei in the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the lateral zone nuclei?

A
  1. eating
  2. arousal
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22
Q

There are five primary groups of nuclei in the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the medial zone nuclei?

A
  1. satiety
  2. ADH, GH
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23
Q

What is the lamina terminalis?

A

A thin membrane extending from the anterior commissure inferiorly to the rostral edge of the optic chiasm

24
Q

Briefly, describe the location of the hypothalamus.

A

Inferior to the thalamus, below the hypothalamic sulcus. Surrounds the third ventricle.

25
Q

The columns of the fornix cut through the hypothalamus, dividing it into what two areas?

A

The lateral zone, containing diffuse or scattered neurons which carry two way traffic through the hypothalamus, rostrally toward the forebrain and caudally toward the brainstem

The medial zone, which contains the majority of functionally important nuclei of the hypothalamus

26
Q

What separates the lateral hypothalamic nuclei from the medial hypothalamic nuclei?

A

The column of fornix

27
Q

What are the 5 anterior hypothalamic nuclei?

A
  1. Paraventricular nucleus
  2. Preoptic nucleus
  3. Anterior nucleus
  4. Supraoptic nucleus
  5. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
28
Q

What are the 3 middle/tuberal area hypothalamic nuclei?

A
  1. Arcuate nucleus
  2. Ventromedial nucleus
  3. Dorsomedial nucleus
29
Q

What are the two posterior area hypothalamic nuclei?

A
  1. Posterior nucleus
  2. Mammillary body
30
Q

How many lateral area nuclei are there?

A

1 - the lateral nucleus - it consists of scattered cells

31
Q

The preoptic and anterior nuclei are in the medial anterior zone (of the hypothalamus) - what is their function?

A

Heat loss; response to hear

parasympathetic activity

sleep

32
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the medial anterior zone (of the hypothalamus) - what is their function?

A

circadian rhythms

Secretes realeasing/inhibiting hormones

33
Q

The supraoptic nucleus in the medial anterior zone (of the hypothalamus) - what is its function?

A

Secretes hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone)

34
Q

The paraventricular nucleus is in the medial anterior zone (of the hypothalamus) - what is its function?

A

magnocellular cells - secretes hormones (ocytocin and vasopressin)

Parvocellular cells - secrete releasing hormones

35
Q

The lateral nuclei are in the lateral anterior zone (of the hypothalamus) - what is their function?

A

Parasympathetic activity

Contains orexingergic neurons

36
Q

The dorsomedial nucleus is in the middle/tuberal area (of the hypothalamus) - what is its function?

A

Emotional behavior

Role in circadian rhythms

37
Q

The ventromedial nucleus is in the middle/tuberal area (of the hypothalamus) - what is its function?

A

inhibits eating and drinking

satiety

38
Q

The arcuate nucleus is in the middle/tuberal area (of the hypothalamus) - what is its function?

A

secretes relasing/inhibiting hormones

39
Q

The posterior nucleus is in the posterior area (of the hypothalamus) - what is its function?

A

Heat gain/conservation; response to cold

Sympathetic activity

Arousal wakefulness

40
Q

The mamillary nucleus is in the posterior area (of the hypothalamus) - what is its function?

A

Memory

41
Q

How many major tracts connect the hypothalamus to the lymbic system?

A

8

42
Q

What are the 8 tracts that connect the hypothalamus and the limbic system?

A
  1. hypothalamic-hypophysial
  2. Fornic
  3. Mammillothalamic
  4. Ventral amygdalofugal
  5. Stria terminalis
  6. Medial forebrain bundle
  7. Mammillotegmental tract/Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
  8. Olfactory tract
43
Q

What does the hypothalamic-hypophysial tract connect?

A

The hypothalamus to the posterior and anterior pituitary glands

44
Q

What does the fornix connect?

A

The hippocampus to the mammillary bodies

45
Q

What does the mammillothalamic tract connect?

A

Mammillary bodies to the ANT of thalamus

46
Q

What does the ventral amygdalofugal tract connect?

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, DM of thalamus

47
Q

What does the stria terminalis connect?

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus, septal nuclei

48
Q

What does the medial forebrain bundle connect?

A

Septal area (via lateral hypothalamus) and the brainstem (reticular formation and autonomic nuclei)

49
Q

What does the mammillotegmental tract (also known as the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus) connect?

A

Other pathways out of hypothalamus to brainstem

50
Q

There are two olfactory tracts, what do they connect?

A

Olfactory bulb to contralateral olfactory, septal nuclei

Olfactory bulb to amygdala, uncus

51
Q

afferent

A

Towards the brain

52
Q

Efferent

A

away from the brain

53
Q

What is the source of blood supply to the hypothalamus?

A

Small arteries that aris from the circle of Willis

54
Q

What is the source of blood supply to the anterior areas of the hypothalamus?

A

Branches from the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries supply the anterior areas

55
Q

What is the source of blood supply to the posterior areas of the hypothalamus?

A

Branches from the posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries supply middle and posterior areas of the hypothalamus

56
Q
A

ANAT 516 (12 decks)

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