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ANAT 516 > Module 7 - The Limbic System > Flashcards

Module 7 - The Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What does limbic mean?

A

Latin for boarder

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2
Q

The limbic system refers to a collection of cortical and subcortical regions of the brain primarily associated with regulating emotion, motivation, learning and memory. What are the major components of the limbic system?

A
  1. The limbic lobe
  2. The hippocampus
  3. The amygdala
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3
Q

What are the three cor components of the limbic lobe?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, uncus

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4
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

Deep within the temporal lobe. It serves as the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.

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5
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Just rostral/anterior and medial to the hippocampus

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6
Q

What are the three core functions of the hippocampus?

A
  1. Learning
  2. Memory formation
  3. Site of adult neurogenesis
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7
Q

What are the three core functions of the amygdala?

A
  1. emotional learning and memory
  2. fear
  3. reward
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8
Q

The hippocampus contains long-term and short-term memory. What can long term memory be subdivided into?

A
  1. Declarative (explicit)
  2. Nondeclarative (implicit) - skills, habits, emotional memories, conditioned reflexes
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9
Q

What are the 2 kinds of declarative memory?

A
  1. Episodic (events)
  2. Semantic (facts)
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10
Q

The amygdala can be said to act as an emotional “saliency filter”, what does this mean?

A

It allows you to decide which emotional stimuli are important

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11
Q

The hippocampus is easily identifiable in cross section due to its position just below the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. Locate:

  1. the hippocampi
  2. the inferior horns of the lateral ventricles
A
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12
Q

The amygdala can be identified by locating the uncus, as the amygdala is just deep to the uncus. Where is the amygdala?

A
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13
Q

The Papez Circuit comprises the below 5 structures. Find them.

  1. hippocampus
  2. mammillary body
  3. thalamus
  4. cingulate gyrus
  5. Fornix
A
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14
Q

The fornix can be divided into what 4 areas?

A
  1. Columns
  2. Body
  3. Crus
  4. Fimbria
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15
Q

What did Dr. James Papez propose?

A

That the experience of emotion was mediated by an underlying neural circuit involving the limbic system and specific cortical areas

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16
Q

The fornix carries output from the X to the Y, the most posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

hippocampus

mammillary bodies

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17
Q

The fornix carries output from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies, the most posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus. From there information travels via the X to the Y

A

mammillothalamic tract

anterior nucleus of the thalamus

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18
Q

The fornix carries output from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies, the most posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus. From there information travels via the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus.

From the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, projections travel through the X and terminate in the Y

A

internal capsule

cingulate gyrus

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19
Q

The fornix carries output from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies, the most posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus. From there information travels via the mammillothalamic tract to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus.

From the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, projections travel through the internal capsule and terminate in the cingulate cortex

Finally, output from the cingulate gyrus can travel via the X to the Y, and at the same time, can project to widespread areas of the cortex

A

cingulum

hippocampus

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20
Q

Describe the Papez circuit.

A

It functions as a neuroanatomical substrate of emotion and memory by connecting areas of cortex with the rest of the limbic system - thus allowing for top-down cortical control of emotional responses

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21
Q

What do we now know about the Papez circuit?

A

That Papez was basically correct, but that his concept was not complete. Other areas are structurally and functionally connected with the circuit described by Papez.

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22
Q

Are most tracts associated with the limbic system unidirectional or bi-directional?

A

bidirectional in nature

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23
Q

What are the 3 structures indicted here

A

1 = cingulate gyrus

2 = uncus

3 = parahippocampal gyrus

24
Q

What structure lies deep to the area of cortex below?

A

Amygdala

25
Q

What structure lies deep to the area of cortex indicated below?

A

The hippocampus

26
Q

What is this area of the brain? What is it implicated in?

A

Hippocampus. Implicated in: learning, memory, and it is the site of adult neurogenesis

27
Q

What is this structure? What would bilateral lesions to this area be associated with?

A

Amygdala

Emotional changes, e.g., reduced fear of dangerous stimuli

28
Q

What structure overlies the amygdala and hippocampus?

A

The uncus

29
Q

What does the limbic lobe comprise?

A
  1. parahippocampal gyrus
  2. Cingulate gyrus
  3. Subcallosal gyrus
30
Q

The limbic lobe is comprised of three gyri, the parahippocampal, cingulate, and subcallosal gyri. What fiber bundle are they connected by?

A

The cingulum

31
Q

What are the subcortical limbic structures?

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and septal nuclei

32
Q

What is the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

The entorhinal cortex

33
Q

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex?

A

The entorhinal cortex receives input from widespread cortical association areas, including somatosensory and prefrontal areas, and relays information between the hippocampus and cortical association areas.

34
Q

On this midsagittal section, locate the:

  1. cingulate gyrus
  2. parahippocampal gyrus
  3. uncus
A
35
Q

On this dissection of the limbic system, identify the:

  1. Columns of the fornix
  2. Body of the fornix
  3. Crus of the fornix
  4. Hippocampus
A
36
Q

On this photograph of the limbic system, identify:

  1. the hippocampus
  2. the amygdala
A
37
Q

On this micrograph of the diencephalon/basal ganglia (#12), locate the fornix.

A
38
Q

On this micrograph of the diencephalon/basal ganglia (#12), locate the amygdala.

A
39
Q

On this micrograph of the diencephalon/basal ganglia (#13), locate the:

  1. amygdala
  2. fornix
A
  1. amygdala (grey)
  2. fornix (red)
40
Q

On this micrograph of the diencephalon/basal ganglia (#14), locate the fornix

A
41
Q

On this micrograph of the diencephalon/basal ganglia (#15), locate the:

  1. fornix
  2. anterior commissure
A
  1. fornix (red)
  2. anterior commissure (pink)
42
Q

On this micrograph of the anterior diencephalon (#16), locate the:

  1. columns of the fornix
  2. anterior commissure
A
  1. columns of the fornix (red)
  2. anterior commissure (purple)
43
Q

On this coronal section of the brain, locate the amygdala

A
44
Q

On this coronal section of the brain, where is the anterior commissure?

A
45
Q

On this coronal section of the brain, where is the hippocampus?

A
46
Q

On this coronal section of the brain, where is the hippocampus?

A
47
Q

On this coronal section of the brain, where is the hippocampus?

A
48
Q

On this coronal section of the brain, where is the hippocampus?

A
49
Q

What are the 5 main blood vessels that serve much of the limbic system?

A
  1. anterior cerebral artery
  2. posterior cerebral artery
  3. anterior choroidal artery
  4. Circle of Willis
50
Q

What supplies blood to the cingulate gyrus?

A

Branches of the anterior cerebral artery as it loops around the genu of the corpus callosum

51
Q

What supplies blood to the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Temporal branches of the posterior central artery

52
Q

What supplies blood to the uncus?

A

Primarily the uncal arteries, which are branches of the middle cerebral artery

53
Q

What limbic structures does the anterior choroidal artery serve?

A

The hippocampal formation, the amygdala, the tail of the caudate, the sublenticular and retrolenticular limbs of the internal capsule

54
Q

What is the different between olfactory inputs and inputs from other senses?

A

From the olfactory bulb, signals are sent directly to the cortex, bypassing the thalamus. All other sensory inputs synapse in the thalamus before reaching the cortex.

55
Q

Which cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve?

A

CN 1

56
Q

On this image of the brain, locate the:

  1. olfactory bulb
  2. olfactor tract
  3. optic nerve
  4. optic chiasm
  5. optic tract
A

ANAT 516 (12 decks)

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