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Forensic Psychology > Module 7 - Sexual offenses > Flashcards

Module 7 - Sexual offenses Flashcards

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1
Q

Why don’t victims report (7)

A
  • They don’t think it’s important
  • They fear revenge
  • Don’t believe police will help
  • They don’t want the offender to get into trouble
  • Think the perpetrator has been dealt with
  • Shame/dishonor to family
  • Too personal to display
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2
Q

Why don’t children report (4)

A
  • Fear, they won’t be believed, they are to blame, they don’t know it’s abuse
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3
Q

SA definition pre-1983

A
  • Male to female only
  • Wife is not included
  • Consent is involved but only refers to sexual intercourse
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4
Q

SA definition post-1983 + tiers

A
  • Bill C-52: Change of wording to sexual assault + incorporates others forms of sexual activity
  • Regardless of relationship and gender (abolished spousal immunity)
  • Tiers: simple SA = 10 years max, SA with weapon/bodily harm = 14 years max, Aggravated SA = life
  • Limited admissibility of past sexual history of victim (no more slut-shaming)
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5
Q

Consent exceptions

A
  • Under 12
  • 12/13 with over 2 years older
  • 14/15 with over 5 years older
  • 17 or younger can’t consent to someone in position of authority
  • Pressured with violence, weapons, or threats
  • Drunk/high cannot give legal consent
  • Unconscious (if consent to have sex while asleep, it doesn’t count because you can’t take it back)
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6
Q

False allegations

A
  • 2-10%
    Reasons: provide alibi to get out of something like teen pregnancy/affair (2%), revenge (27%), obtain sympathy and attention (18%)
  • High end estimates could define these as allegations that have been withdrawn
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7
Q

Rape trauma syndrome

A

a. Acute crisis phase: days-weeks, fear/anxiety/depression, self-blame/distrust/self-doubt
b. Long-term reactions phase: months-years, ¼ don’t significantly recover, phobias, sexual problems + depression, chronic physical health problems

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8
Q

PTSD symptom cluster

A
  • Stimuli avoidance
  • Reoccurring distressing memories
  • Negatively altered cognition and mood
  • Altered state of arousal and reactivity
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9
Q

Dimensions of division

A
  • Type of offense (non-contact, rape, and child molestors)
  • Impulsiveness
  • ASPD/psychopathy
  • Type of sexual fantasies (some might be attracted to consent)
  • Sadism: could be simply uninhibited by violence rather than attracted to it
  • Substance use, social and sexual competence
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10
Q

Typologies - child pornography users (1)

A
  • Sexually compulsive/addicted offenders
  • Not primarily attracted to children rather addicted to porn and thrill of taboo with child pornos
  • Response to treating depression/inadequacy
  • Respond to treatment and unlikely to reoffend
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11
Q

Typologies - child pornography users (2)

A
  • Situational/regressed child offenders
  • Minors and adults
  • Opportunistic and impulsive
  • Healthy adult attachments
  • Responsive to treatment
  • Justified: if in porn, then they knew what they were doing (view children as adults)
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12
Q

Typologies - child pornography users (3)

A
  • Fixated/dedicated child offenders
  • Primarily attracted to children, prolific offenders
  • Reinforces sexual pattern
  • See themselves as children (as the same age as who they are watching)
  • More difficult to treat, higher risk of reoffending
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13
Q

Classification of offenders (5)

A
  • Voyeurs
  • Exhibitionists
  • Rapists: 16+
  • Pedophile: sexual orientation
  • Hebephile: pubescent children (adolescents)
  • Molester: intra-familial or extra-familial (more likely lifetime offenders)
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14
Q

Typologies - Revised rapist typology by Massachusetts treatment center

A
  • Opportunistic: impulsive (controlled by situation and context), commits other crimes, no sexual fantasies or gratuitous violence
  • Pervasively angry: impulsive and unnecessary force, serious injury, no sexual fantasies, anger towards both men and women
  • Sexual: sexual preoccupation and fantasies
  • Sadistic: sexual preoccupation and fantasies with sadistic violence
  • Vindictive: women-focused anger, not impulsive and no sexual fantasies, demean + degrade, overt or muted (presence of gratuitous violence)
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15
Q

SA risk factors

A
  • Low SES, personality disorders
  • Substance abuse, intimacy deficits, negative peer reviews, offensive attitudes
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16
Q

Typologies - Growth (IMPORTANT)

A
  • Anger rapist (50%): conflict/humiliation, use of force more than necessary, anger towards women (extreme misogynists), no primary motive for sexual gratification
  • Power rapist (40%): assert dominance/control, no primary motive for sexual gratification, but frequent rape fantasies
    o Power reassurance rapist = inadequacy, poor social skills, no serious injury only to ensure compliance, perceive submission as sexual desire
    o Power assertive = assert dominance through violence, aggressive, impulsive, under the influence
  • Sadistic rapist (5-10%): sexual gratification by hurting victim, increased level of injury (torture, death), violent sexual fantasies they try to reenact, extensive planning
17
Q

Typologies - molester (1)

A
  • Fixated
  • Only children (no sexual contact with adults)
  • Interest begins in adolescence and persists, male/female targets, extra-familial
  • No evident precipitating stress or planned offense
  • Emotionally immature/poor social skills/single, no drugs or alcohol
  • No remorse or distress
18
Q

Typologies - molester (2)

A
  • Regressed
  • Primary sexual orientation is adults
  • Interest begins as adults and is episodic
  • Female targets (intra-familial)
  • Precipitating stress and inadequacy
  • Impulsive and married with problems
  • Remorse and alcohol use
  • More responsive to treatment
19
Q

Adolescent offenders

A
  • Typically victims of abuse
  • Social inadequacy
  • Lack of intimacy and impulsiveness
  • More likely than adults to have history of abuse, to view porn/sex, have atypical sexual interests
20
Q

Female offenders

A
  • Lower rates of reoffending + shorter sentencing
  • Rate underestimated because mask through caregiving, more likely to target their own children, and more frequently male victims (less likely to report)
  • More likely to assault strangers
21
Q

Typologies - female offenders

A
  • Teacher/lover: no history, alcohol use, think they’re in love
  • Male-coerced: unassertive and passive
  • Male-accompanied: willing
  • Predisposed: severe and persistent history, deviant sexual fantasies, violent and bizarre offenses, more likely to have child victims
22
Q

Aboriginal offenders

A
  • Risk factors: criminal and substance history, lower education, high rates of unemployment
  • Less likely to have male victims
23
Q

Finkelhorn’s precondition model of child molestation

A
  • Motivated: emotional congruence + sexual attraction + blocked emotional outlets
  • Lack of internal inhibitions i.e., alcohol (impulse-control problems)
  • Overcome external inhibitions (get the child alone)
  • Overcome child’s resistance
24
Q

Integrated model of sexual aggression

A
  • Biological factors + socio-economic influences + situational events
  • Failure to acquire effective inhibitory control (possibly due to abuse or dysfunctional family)
25
Q

Cognitive distortions

A
  • Deviant cognitions, values, beliefs used to justify deviant behavior
  • Predictive of recidivism among child molesters than rapists
  • Denial results in increased recidivism for low-risk offenders
26
Q

Empathy

A
  • Specific empathy deficit toward victims
  • Training: understand abuse impact and pain, develop remorse, read victim accounts and videos, role-playing
27
Q

Social skills

A
  • No self-confidence in interpersonal relations, capacity for intimacy, assertiveness, anger management
28
Q

Assessment and treatment

A
  • Build empathy, cognitive distortions, deviant sexual interests, social skills, relapse prevention
29
Q

Deviant sexual interests

A
  • Power, control, anger, emotional intimacy
  • Penile phallometry
  • Aversion therapy
  • Masturbatory satiation
  • SSRIs can be effective
30
Q

Relapse prevention

A
  • List emotional and situational risk factors
  • Develop plans to dela appropriately
  • Risk factors: loneliness, inadequacy, anger towards women
31
Q

Good lives model

A
  • Offending behavior = means to feel need or reach goal
  • Maladaptive means seeking primary human goods instead of someone who has distorted primary human good
  • Enhance positive aspects of individual
32
Q

Cross-over effect

A

child pornography viewers progress to molesting children

Forensic Psychology (6 decks)

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