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NRSG265 > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

causes of ABI

A
  • accident
  • hypoxia
  • stroke
  • drugs and alcohol
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2
Q

onset of ABI

A

sudden - cerebral hypoxia, trauma
insidious - pronolonged drug abuse

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3
Q

causes and risk factors

A
  • advanced age
  • DM
  • smoking
  • pregnany
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4
Q

subtypes of stroke

A

ischaemic
* thrombus, embolus
* 80%
* decrease supply of arterial blood

haemorrhagic
* haemorhage
* 20%
* surrounding tissue is compressed

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5
Q

pathophysiology of ischaemic sroke

A
  1. decreased blood flow
  2. glucose and O2 deprivation
  3. no ATP
  4. changes to Na+, K+, Ca2+ ion concentrations
  5. inflammatory processes increase
  6. water flow into neurons
  7. K+ flows out, Na+ flows into cells
  8. ion channels stop working
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6
Q

two types of haemorrhagic stroke

A

intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH)
* bleeding directly into the brain parenchyma

subarachnoid haemorrhage
* bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid within the subarachnoid space that surrounds the brain

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7
Q

pathophysiology of a haemorrhagic stroke

A
  1. rupture of blood vessels leads to break in the wall of a blood vessel
  2. subarachnoid - bleeding under the thin, delicate arachnoid membrane
  3. intracerebral - bleeding within brain itself
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8
Q

what is transient ischaemic stroke

A
  • mini stroke
  • similar to ischaemic but interruptin of blood flow temporary
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9
Q

signs/ symptoms of a stroke

A
  • limb weakness
  • dizziness, loss of coordination
  • sezuires
  • headache
  • change in vision
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10
Q

clinical manifestation of a stroke

A
  • lobe - vision issues
  • occipital - loss of sensation, issues with spatial tasks
  • frontal - emotional control, social skills, speech
  • temporal - understanding and remembering language
  • brain stem - physical and sensory problems
  • cerebellum - coordination balance or muscle tone
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11
Q

recongising a stroke

A

BEFAST
* balance
* eyes
* face
* arms
* speech
* time

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12
Q

management of a ischamic stroke

A
  • stabilise patient
  • determining eligibility
  • determining the pathophysiologic basic of the stroke
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13
Q

management of haemorrhage stroke

A
  • stabilist patient - basic life support, control bleed, control seizures
  • maintain BP and vitals
  • reduce intracranial pressure
  • drugs
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14
Q

living with brain injury

A
  • ABI - also called hidden disability
  • changes to physical and mental function
  • coping with loss
  • caring for family with an ABI
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15
Q

the brain structures

A

cerebrum
* compossed right and left hemisphere
* performs higher level functions
* hearing, vision, speech, emotions

cerebellum
* functions include coordination of muscle movements, posture and balance

brainstem
* responsible for automatic functions such as HR, repsiration, BP, temp, circadian cycles

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16
Q

the lobes of the brain

A

frontal lobe
* thinking, planning, organising, emotions

motor cortex
* movement

sensory cortex
* sensations

parietal lobe
* perception, making sense of the world, spelling

occipital lobe
* vision

temporal lobe
* memory, understanding language

17
Q

what is blood brain barrier (BBB)

A
  • protects the brain
  • the nervous tissue is seperated from the general circulation by the BBB
  • prevents the corssing of foreign substances, toxins and infection
  • seperates circulating blood with cerebrospinal fluid
18
Q

what are neurons

A
  • cells of the nervous system, transmit messages via chemicals when triggered by an electricl stimulus
  • the chemicals transmitted are - neurotransmitters
  • electrical stimulus is - action potential
19
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  1. synthezised within neurons and allows neurons to communicate
  2. neurotransmitters amplify or modulate signals
  3. excitatory will enhance
  4. inhibitory will inihibit or reduce the response
20
Q

what is the synpatic junction

A
  • the synapse is the point of junction between 2 neurons
21
Q

what is excitatory and inhibitory

A

excitatory
* chemicals which stimulate AP - glutamate
inhibitatory
* chemicals stop the ion channels from opening, AP to not be generated - GABA

22
Q

causes of epilepsy

A
  • stroke
  • head injury
  • genetics
  • infections
23
Q

what are seizures

A
  • abnormal electrical activity in the brain causes involuntary change in the body movement, sensation, awareness or behaviour
  • there is a momentary “imbalance” within electrical and chemical circuits in the brain
24
Q

what are seizure triggers

A
  • illicit drugs
  • lack of sleep
  • missed medication
  • diet and caffeine
  • alcohol
  • illness/ infections
  • menstruation
25
Q

seizure phases

A
  • prodrome phase (initiation) - can include warning signs
  • ictal phase (middle) - time from the first symptoms to the end of the seizure activity
  • post-ictal phase (ending) - occurs after the ictal part of the seizure, recovery stage
26
Q
A

NRSG265 (9 decks)

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