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Psychology > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

Estimating the probability of a future event based on secondary, indicator variables.

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2
Q

Is a risk assessment prognostic or diagnostic?

A

Prognostic

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3
Q

What are the 2 components of risk assessment?

A
  • Prediction
  • Management
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4
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Individual or environmental variables associated with greater likelihood of involvement in criminality. Cumulative and interactive, not additive!

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5
Q

What are the 2 categories of risk factors? What one is the best predictor?

A
  • Static. Best predictor!
  • Dynamic
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6
Q

What are static factors? What are some examples?

A
  • Fixed or determined (cannot be changed) beforehand, prior to the event occurring.
  • Criminal history, age committing the crime
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7
Q

What are dynamic factors? What are some examples?

A
  • Internal states or temporary circumstances that fluctuate over time (relatively stable or acute). May be able to be treated.
  • Personality. Is not always the same.
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8
Q

What is the only risk factor of the big 8 that is static?

A
  • history of antisocial behaviour
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9
Q

What are the central big 4 risk factors of criminal behaviour?

A
  • History of antisocial behaviour
  • Antisocial attitudes
  • Antisocial associates
  • Antisocial personality pattern
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10
Q

What are the moderate 4 risk factors of criminal behaviour?

A
  • Family/marital problems
  • School/work problems
  • Problematic leisure time
  • Substance use
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11
Q

prediction: high risk v. Outcome: violent

A

true positive

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12
Q

Prediction: high risk v. Outcome: not violent

A

false positive

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13
Q

Prediction: Low risk v. Outcome: violent

A

false negative

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14
Q

Prediction: low risk v. Outcome: not violent

A

true negative

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15
Q

What are the implications of high false positives?

A

individual rights

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16
Q

What are the implications of high false negatives?

A

Society, victim safety jeopardized

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17
Q

What is base rate?

A

Percent of people who commit a specific act

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18
Q

What type of error is made most often when predicting rare events?

A

False positive

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19
Q

What are the types of risk assessments?

A
  • Unstructured professional judgement
  • Actuarial
  • Structured professional judgement
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20
Q

What is unstructured professional judgement?

A
  • Mental health professional predicts chance of re-offence from interview and clinical impressions. Based on practitioners experience.
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21
Q

What are the advantages of unstructured professional judgement?

A

Flexible and specific to individuals

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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of unstructured professional judgement?

Study These Flashcards
A

Inconsistent and inaccurate. Study showed that patients released, only 20/98 reoffended.

23
Q

What is actuarial assessment?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Systematic measurement of factors derived from a research database.
  • Formulas provide risk scores based on relationships between static variables and criterion variable (violence).
24
Q

What are the different scales used to asses risk?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Violence risk appraisal guide (most used now)
  • Risk/need scales
  • HCR-20
25
What are the advantages of actuarial assessment?
- Consistent - High accuracy - Easy to use
26
What are the disadvantages of actuarial assessment?
- No theoretical base - Items are static - Nomothetic (group percentile now represents an individual) - Cross-validation of recidivism estimates
27
What is the violence risk appraisal guide?
- 12 weighted static factors (-26 to +38) - Sum score, place offender within 1-9 risk bins (absolute recidivism rates) - Predicts violent recidivism
28
What are risk/need scales?
- Focus on static risk factors - Also measures the offenders needs - Theoretically informed dynamic risk factors
29
What are the strengths of the risk/need scales?
- Shares all same advantages of actuarial scales while still identifying treatment targets - Theoretically relevant and practically useful
30
What are the limitations of the risk/needs scales?
- No focus on protective factors
31
What is structured professional judgement?
- most commonly used method - looks at pre-specified risk factors and adds case specific details - Final judgement made with clinical judgement - Do not have rules for how scores should be assigned. Low, medium and high risk.
32
What is the HCR-20 scale?
- Historical, clinical, risk management - Assess for risk of violence in civil, psychiatric, forensic and criminal justice populations. - 20 set items - Max score is 40 + 1 of 3 risk levels - Scores are not totaled
33
What are the 3 parts of HCR-20 and how many items in each?
- Historical (static), 10 items - Clinical (dynamic), 5 items - Risk management (future), 5 items
34
What are the strengths of structured professional judgement?
- Static and dynamic factors - Theoretically relevant and practically useful - Flexible
35
What are the limitations of structured professional judgement?
- Not clear what is meant by low, moderate or high risk - Professional override = less prediction
36
What did treatments used to target and what do they target today?
- Anxiety, self-esteem and depression - Criminogenic needs
37
What are the 2 components of the risk principle?
- Risk of re-offending can be predicted - Higher risk people should be provided with more intense interventions
38
How many hours of program yields improvement?
200 hrs
39
High intensity programs for low risk people _ risk of reoffending
increase
40
What are criminogenic needs?
Dynamic risk factors that when changed, will affect the likelihood of re offending
41
What are non-criminogenic needs?
Dynamic and changeable but are unrelated with recidivism. Shouldn't be the treatment target.
42
What is general responsivity?
- Clear, concrete objectives - Structured content - Focus on activity and acquiring skills - Cognitive-behavioural in orientation - Personnel with high quality interpersonal skills who foster warm, collaborative relationships with clear boundaries
43
What is specific responsivity?
- Accommodate differences in diversity among participants - Recognize clients differ in motivation/readiness for treatment - Match therapist style to client
44
What are the 3 principles of RNR?
- who should be treated - what should be treated - how should they be treated
45
What are the 4 guidelines of risk communication?
- Estimation of the level of risk posed by the individual - Identification of relevant risk factors - Identification of risk management strategies/treatment options - Appropriate communication to decision maker
46
What is called when a stat of who is most likely to reoffend is phrased as both "% of not committing" instead of "% committing"?
Framing
47
What are 3 limitations of risk communication?
- Not enough info on treatment, change and management - Reliance on categorical language which has ambiguous boundaries (low, moderate and high) - Inability to combine and make sense of info from different scales
48
What are the 2 types of preventative detentions (indeterminate sentences) in Canada? How does this compare to the US?
- Dangerous offender (DO) - Long term offender (LTO). This replaced the death sentence, needs a risk assessment. - Sexually violent predator (SVP)
49
What is considered a dangerous offender (DO)?
- serious personal injury offence - pattern of repetitive behaviour that indicates failure to restrain his/her behaviour and likelihood of harm - Pattern of persistent aggressive behaviour - Brutal nature, unlikely to be inhibited by normal standards of behavioural restraint - Failure to control sexual impulses leading to likelihood of harm
50
What is considered a long term offender (LTO)?
Same criteria as DO but... - It would be appropriate for a sentence 2+ years - There is a substantial risk of violently re-offending (DO) - There is reasonable possibility of eventual control of the risk in the community (LTO)
51
When is parol review?
7 years
52
What are the goals of the national flagging system?
- Track high risk offenders - Prevent offenders from falling through jurisdictional gaps - Encourage DO/LTO applications in appropriate cases
53
How does the national flagging system work?
- Referrals to NFS coordinators - Review of file info - Criteria for dangerousness outlined in DO/LTO provisions
54
What risk factor is not predictive for indigenous peoples?
Static-2002R

Psychology (5 decks)

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