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Biochemistry and molecular science > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

DNA structure and function

1
Q

What are A and G in DNA bases

A

Purines

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2
Q

What are T and C in DNA bases

A

pyrimidines

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3
Q

What biological processes involve DNA

A

Transcription, replication, recombination, repair, regulation

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4
Q

What processes involve RNA

A

transcription, dna replication, translation, regulation of gene expression, splicing machinery, some viruses

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5
Q

Structures of RNA

A

hairpins and loop and helix

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6
Q

What is ribosome made of

A

RNA(majority) and protein

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7
Q

What is nucleotide for

A

RNA AND DNA

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8
Q

What is AMP

A

adenosine mono phosphate

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9
Q

What ribose different from deoxy

A

there is a hydroxyl groupon the sugar

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10
Q

What does adenine and guanine have (purines)

A

two cyclic structures

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11
Q

What does cytosine, thymine and uracil have (pyrimidine)

A

one cyclic (N and C alternate)

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12
Q

What is the alternative for thymine in RNA

A

uracil (one methyl group less)

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13
Q

What is the structure difference in thymine

A

one methyl and 2 ketone (most complicated)

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14
Q

What is the structure difference in cytosine

A

a ketone

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15
Q

What is the structure difference of uracil

A

2 ketone

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16
Q

What is the difference between adenine and guamine

A

adenine have amide while guanine is amide and ketone

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17
Q

why are there 5’ and 3’ in DNA

A

they are connect to phosphate in 5’ and 3’

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18
Q

How many bond does AT bond have

A

2

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19
Q

How bond what GC bond have

A

3

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20
Q

what can do base pairing

A

only nucleic acid

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21
Q

What does S stand for in DNA replication

A

synthesis where the replication occurs

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22
Q

How is DNA synthesised

A

using DNA polymerases

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23
Q

What do the DNA polymerase I have

A

smaller

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24
Q

What does DNA polymerase III contain

A

larger with other proteins, clamp loader and sliding clamp( called dna machinery) to work longer

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25
What coordinate phosphate group
Mg2+(coordinated by asp)
26
How is the backbone formed
O in the backbone attacks the phosphate group.
27
where does replication occur
the O at the 3'
28
Which polymerase is faster
polymerase, and process longer
29
Which polymerase can 3'>5' exnuclease(remove base) (proofreading)
I & III
30
Which polymerase can 5'>3' exnuclease(remove base)
I
31
What does 5' to 3' exonuclease do
Repairing bases, change bases
32
What is DNaA protein
unwind dna at the beginning
33
DnaB protein (helicase)
unwind DNA
34
What is primase for
synthesis of primer
35
What is origin of replication
It is where the replication intiate
36
What is the replication bubble for
It is how it start replication
37
What is the replication forks
it is at the end of the replication bubble
38
oriC
origin for prokaryote(ecoli)
39
How does DNaA start
it will twist the DNA
40
What is AT base pair important for replication
because it is weaker
41
How many subunits does helicase have
6
42
What is DNA topoiisomerase (DNA gyrase for)
relieve tension from the unwinding
43
What is single stranded binding protein for (SSB)
to protect from other nuclease attack, prevent from returning to double strand
44
Where are polymerase III
Both leading and lagging strand
45
How does the new strand grow,
5' to 3'
46
Where does the polymerase III start replicating
start from the 3' of the new strand
47
Where is the leading strand
start from 3 of the strand
48
where is the lagging strand
the 5' of the strand
49
What is the replication of the lagging strand
discontinous
50
What is the use of polymerase for
remove primer and replace it with dna
51
What joins the DNA
DNA ligase (phosphodiester backbone)
52
What does the clamp loader do
Holds all the sliding clamp
53
What are the beta clamp release for
for adding okazaki fragment
54
What is the one old strand replicating one new strand
They are semi-conservative strand
55
How can replication be accurate
Binding of the nucleotide, proofreading and repair
56
What is proofreading activity
the wrong base to be removed as d*TP by attaching the base onto a different site in polyermerase
57
What is the special exonuclease activity of Pol I
It can remove bases and replace bases
58
What techniques does molecular biology do
Cloning, amplifyDNA (PCR), sequence DNA, RNA and protein uses
59
What does cloning mean
cloning exact DNA, plasmid are used (hold pieces of DNA)
60
What sequence must plasmid have
ORI, Ampr(antibiotic resistance), restriction site
61
What are restriction enzyme
recognises restriction site
62
What is palindrome sequence
The exact base pairs on both sides GATTC (sticky ends) and there are blunt ends.
63
What is recombinant
adding dna into the dna
64
How to insert piece of chromosome into plasmid
cut both vector plasmid and chromosome, and ligase them together(called recombinant vector). transformation
65
What is transformation
mix dna and bacteria usising chemicals or electric shock
66
How to express protein from a vector
a promoter, so bacteria can binding to it and translate it
67
Waht is a polylinker
a section is many restriction enzyme site
68
What is the restriction site
It is where it is recognized and cleaved
69
What use can you do for proteins
assays, organism, human cells
70
How do you get license
from gene technology regulator
71
What does PCR stand for
polymerase chain reaction
72
What is needed for PCR
All from nature, Primers, taq DNA polymerase, DNA
73
What is PCR for
amplify DNA, pathogens, virus, fingerprinting testing, population of animals, clone into a plasmid, combine with RT-PCR

Biochemistry and molecular science (12 decks)

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