module challenge 4

Question 1

muscle system

Answer 1

responds to stimuli and changes in environment

Question 2

functions of muscle

Answer 2

movement, contraction, storage of excess glucose

Question 3

muscle:

Answer 3

high proportion in protein

Question 4

skeletal muscle

Answer 4

striated, fusion of many cells, voluntary movement

Question 5

cardiac

Answer 5

striated, uni/binucleate, heart only

Question 6

smooth

Answer 6

no striations, single celled, involuntary

Question 7

myofibrils

Answer 7

bundles of proteins in a muscle cell

Question 8

myofibrisl are composed of

Answer 8

thick and thin filaments

Question 9

thick filament is

Answer 9

myosin

Question 10

thin filament is

Answer 10

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

Question 11

what gets shorter in contraction

Answer 11

I band and H zone gets shorter, not actin or myosin

Question 12

smooth ER does what

Answer 12

stores calcium

Question 13

what does calcium do in thick fil?

Answer 13

it binds to troponin and pulls it off tropomyosin

Question 14

rigor mortis

Answer 14

stiffness after death, no more oxygen or ATP

Question 15

ATP is required for

Answer 15

unbinding of actin and myosin

Question 16

sonic muscles

Answer 16

muscles that contract at a high frequency

Question 17

properties of sonic muscles

Answer 17

increase ATP, increase calcium, increase SR, faster release of myosin from actin, different troponin isoforms, sarcomeres shorten

Question 18

direct flight

Answer 18

wings that are directly attached to muscles, synchronous flight

Question 19

indirect flight

Answer 19

wings that are not directly attached to muscles, asynchronouse flight

Question 20

contraction of dorsoventral medical muscles

Answer 20

wings go up

Question 21

contraction of lateral muscles

Answer 21

wings go down

Question 22

insects that use direct flight

Answer 22

incapable of folding flat over abdomen, dragonflies, butterflies, moths

Question 23

synchonous flight

Answer 23

1 AP = 1 contraction, 50-200 hz, increase ATP, calcium, and SR so like sonic muscle

Question 24

contraction of vertical muscles

Answer 24

wings go up

Question 25

contraction of longitudinal muscles

Answer 25

wings go down

Question 26

insects that use indirect

Answer 26

insects that can fold flat over abdomen

Question 27

asynchornous flight

Answer 27

muscle is not synchronized with AP, one AP initiates multiple contractions, 1,000 hz, less ATP, fewer mito, less calcium and SR, higher density of actin and myosin

Question 28

endocrine system

Answer 28

regulates organs through secretion of hormones

Question 29

hormones

Answer 29

signaling molecules delivered by circulatory fluids

Question 30

3 classes of hormones

Answer 30

peptide, amines, steroid

Question 31

peptide

Answer 31

protein like, composed of AA, most common, hydrophilic

Question 32

amines

Answer 32

based on tyrosine, some hydrophilic some lipophilic

Question 33

steroid

Answer 33

derived from cholesterol, lipophilic

Question 34

hydrophilic mechanism

Answer 34

bind to GPCR, elicit responses in target cell

Question 35

lipophilic mechanism

Answer 35

pass through target cell memb, elecit respnse by binding to internal receptors

Question 36

DNA --> RNA

Answer 36

transcription, in nuscleus

Question 37

RNA --> Protein

Answer 37

translation, in cytoplasm

Question 38

hypothalmus

Answer 38

control center of endocrine system

Question 39

hypothalamus does what

Answer 39

regulates all other glands

Question 40

steps for adrenaline functioning in liver

Answer 40

1. adrenaline binds to GPCR 2. alpha subunit on g protein is stimulated 3. alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase 4. adenylyl cylcase activates cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinase 6. protein kinase activates glycogen hydrolase 7. glycogen gydrolase hydrolyzed bonds 8. glycogen is broken down into individual glucose 9 glucose gets transported out of cell

Question 41

steps for lipophilic function, testosterone

Answer 41

1. hormone diffuses in plasma membrane 2. hormone binds to HRC 3. HRC enters nucleus and binds to HRE 4. binding of HRC is transcription 5. mRNA leaves nucleus 6. mRNA used to build proteins via translation