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Nursing Process 1 > Module I Infection Powerpoint > Flashcards

Module I Infection Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the infection cycle?

A
  • Infectious agent
  • Portal of exit
  • reservoir
  • means of transportation
  • Portal of entry
  • susceptible host
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2
Q

What are examples of infections agents?

A
  • Bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
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3
Q

Define reservoir

A
  • Natural habitat of the organism
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4
Q

Define portal of exit

A
  • Point of escape for the organism
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5
Q

What are the means of transmission?

A
  • Direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • airborne route
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6
Q

Define portal of entry

A
  • Point at which organisms enter a new host
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7
Q

Define susceptible host

A
  • Must overcome resistance mounted by host’s defenses
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8
Q

Define bacteria

A
  • Most significant and most prevalent in hospital settings
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9
Q

Define virus

A

Smallest of all microorganisms

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10
Q

Define fungi

A

Plant like organisms present in the air, soil, and water

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11
Q

Define parasites

A

Live on or in a host and rely on it for nourishment

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12
Q

What shapes are bacteria categorized with

A
  • Spherical (cocci)
  • rod shaped (bacilli)
  • corkscrew shape (spirochetes)
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13
Q

What gram staining are bacteria categorized as?

A
  • Gram positive
  • gram negative
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14
Q

What are the bacteria oxygen categories?

A
  • Aerobic: need oxygen to live
  • anaerobic: can live without oxygen
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15
Q

What are the possible reservoirs for microorganisms?

A
  • Other people
  • animals
  • soil
  • food, water, milk
  • inanimate objects
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16
Q

What are the common portals of exit?

A
  • Respiratory
  • gastrointestinal
  • genitourinary tracts
  • breaks in skin
  • blood and issue
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17
Q

What are the means of transmission?

A
  • Direct contact
  • indirect contact: vector, fomite
  • droplet
  • airborne
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18
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  • Incubation period
  • prodromal stage
  • full stage of illness
  • convalescent period
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19
Q

What occurs in the incubation period?

A

When organisms grow and multiply

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20
Q

What occurs in the prodromal stage?

A

When the person is most infectious, vague and nonspecific signs of disease

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21
Q

What occurs in the full stage of illness?

A
  • The presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease
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22
Q

What occurs in the convalescent period?

A

Recovery from the infection

23
Q

What does inflammation do?

A

Helps the body neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent, and prepare the site for repair

24
Q

What are the two types of inflammatory response?

A

Acute or chronic

25
Q

What occurs in the vascular phase of the inflammatory response?

A
  • Vasodilation increases blood flow
  • histamine released causes permeability of vessels and protein-rich fluid to get to the injury
26
Q

What occurs in the cellular stage of the inflammatory response?

A
  • Leukocytes/neutrophils consume debris
  • damaged cells are repaired
27
Q

What are the two forms of immunity?

A
  • Humoral immunity
  • cell-mediated immunity
28
Q

What are the two materials in humoral immunity?

A
  • Antigen
  • antibody
29
Q

Define antigen

A

The foreign material (bacteria)

30
Q

Define antibody

A

What is produced in the body in response to the antigen

31
Q

What occurs in cell-mediated immunity?

A

The amount of lymphocytes increases which destroys or reacts with cells that the body recognizes as harmful

32
Q

What factors affect risk for infection?

A
  • Intact skin and mucous membranes
  • normal pH levels
  • body’s white blood cells
  • age, sex, and hereditary factors
  • immunization, natural or acquired
  • fatigue, climate, nutritional and general health status
  • use of invasive or indwelling medical devices
33
Q

What laboratory data indicates infection?

A
  • Elevated white blood cell count (normal is 5,000-10,000/mm3)
  • increase in specific types of white blood cells
  • elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  • presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures
34
Q

How can infections be controlled?

A
  • Demonstrate hand hygiene
  • identify signs of infection
  • maintain nutritional intake
  • proper disposal of soiled articles
  • appropriate cleansing and disinfecting techniques
  • demonstrate awareness of the necessity of proper immunizations
  • demunstante stress-reduction techniques
35
Q

Define asepsis and the forms

A
  • Includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection
  • medical and surgical asepsis
36
Q

Define medical asepsis and tactics

A
  • Clean technique to reduce number of pathogens
  • hand hygiene and wearing gloves
37
Q

Define surgical asepsis and tactics

A
  • Sterile technique to keep area free from microorganisms
  • inserting an indwelling urinary catheter or IV
38
Q

What are the five moments for hand hygiene (WHO)

A
  • Moment l: before touching a patient
  • moment 2: before a clean on aseptic procedure
  • moment 3: after a body fluid exposure risk
  • moment 4: after touching a patient
  • moment 5: after touching patient surroundings
39
Q

CAUTI

A
  • Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
40
Q

SSI

A

Surgical site infection

41
Q

CLABSI

A

Central-line-associated bloodstream infection

42
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

43
Q

C. diff

A

Clostridioides difficile

44
Q

CDIs

A

Clostridioides difficile infections

45
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

46
Q

VISA

A

Vancomycin intermediate - resistant staphylococcus aureus

47
Q

VRSA

A

Vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

48
Q

VRE

A

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

49
Q

CRE

A

Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae

50
Q

CRAB

A

Carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii

51
Q

CDI

A

Clostridioides difficile

52
Q

PPE

A
  • Gloves
  • gowns
  • masks
    -Protective eyewear
53
Q

Patient teaching for medical asepsis at home

A
  • Wash hands before preparing or eating food
  • prepare food at high enough temperatures
  • Wash hands, cutting boards, and utensils
  • keep food refrigerated
  • Wash raw fruits and vegetables
  • use pasteurized milk and fruit juices

Nursing Process 1 (4 decks)

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