Module One Flashcards
(42 cards)
WHO definition of health
A complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not simply the absence of disease or infirmity
Broader biopsychosocial focus showing health influenced by interaction of biological, psychological and social factors
What are psychological factors
beliefs, fears, unconscious drives, feelings
What are social factors
social disadvantage resulting from environment, cultural and political structures
What is the biomedical perspective of health
- The presence or absence of disease, pathogens, illness and/or symptoms
- Maintenance of homeostasis
- An illness-based model
Lists strengths of the biomedical model
Reduction and control communicable diseases through antibiotics and vaccinations
Restoration of traumatic and diseased organs through surgery
List emerging issues of biomedical model
Cost
Antibiotic resistant
Iatrogenesis
Increase chronic diseases
Critiques biomedical model
Cure rather than prevention or restorative/palliative care
Pathologises normal human experiences e.g. child birth, ageing, loss and grief
Ignores lifestyle, social, political, environmental factors
What are the priority health areas in Australia from chronic disease
Cancer Cardiovascular disease Mental health Diabetes Asthma Arthritis & musculoskeletal conditions Obesity Dementia Injury prevention and control (the only non-chronic condition)
What is a health behaviour
Actions that enhance, maintain or threaten an individual’s health e.g. abstaining from smoking, drinking and driving
What is a health habit
Health behaviours that are regular practice e.g. regularly cleaning teeth
What is health lifestyle
The cluster of health behaviours that together may support or affect long-term health e.g. diet, sleep, hygiene, exercise
Behaviours become habits which become a lifestyle
Define multidisciplinary
Teams utilise the skills and experience of individuals from different disciplines, approaching patient from their own perspective
Define interdisciplinary
Teams work collectively towards mutually agreed goals (would include the patient’s family, consideration of their home life, etc.)
Define interdisciplinary knowledge
Draws on knowledge from a range of disciplines to provide holistic care
What is behavioural psychology
Proposed by Watson in 1913
Behaviourism
Looks for the influence in the environment in shaping behaviour i.e. the behaviour is learned
Drew on work from Pavlov (classical conditioning) and later, associated with work of Skinner (operant conditioning)
Explain classical conditioning
Describes relationship between stimulus and response
Learned behaviour resulting from association
E.g. phobias and fears are likely the result of classical conditioning (external stimuli)
4 components:
- Unconditioned stimulus
- Unconditioned response
- Conditioned stimulus
- Conditioned response
Explain operant conditioning
Learning through consequences (instrumental learning)
Behaviour (+ or -) that is rewarded will increase in frequency
Behaviour (+ or -) that is unrewarded will decrease in frequency
What are the critiques of behavioural psychology
Most research conducted on animals in labs
Deterministic
Therapies derived from behavioural theories could be unethical/manipulative (e.g. Watson’s experiment on baby Alfred – purposely making him fearful/cry)
Ignores influence of knowledge and motivation
Ignores intrinsic human qualities – creativity and altruism
Explain psychoanalytic theory
Freud
How the mind influences physical development
Divided into:
Super Ego - contains learned morals and rules of society
Ego - mediates between ID and super ego
ID - associated with unconscious thought, innate sexual and aggressive instincts
What does Freud say mental health problems are associated with
a failure to move through 5 stages of development in early childhood: oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital
What are Freud’s unconscious mechanisms for mediating anxiety that arise from the ego
Repression Regression Denial Projection Sublimation Displacement Rationalisation Intellectualisation/isolation Reaction formation
Critiques of psychoanalytic theory
Limited evidence base
Early theories developed from ideographic approach (individuals predominantly middle-class women)
Theories are deterministic (behaviour explained by innate drives and reductionist)
Feminists object to his hypothesis that women view their bodies as inferior to men (phallic phase if development)
Explain cognitive psychology
Situation --> feelings --> thoughts = behaviour Involves: Self-efficacy Negative schema Positive psychology Consequences
What is self-efficacy
belief that one can achieve goals (Bandura)
