Module Two Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the social model of health
Shift in focus from individual (psychological), biological and genetic attributes (biomedical) to social attributes
Highlights role of governments and policy makers in health determinants
What are the two main components of social model of health
- Social circumstances of the individual (education, employment, age, gender, culture)
- Broader social, economic, political and welfare policies of the country (also the way the social circumstances are mediated by the socio-political-economy)
Examples of social structures
Medicare
PBS
Private health
Health promotion (advertisements, etc.)
(Refer to diagram)
Define structural determinants
Health partly attributed to social circumstances of individuals and populations
e.g. gender, class, education, occupation, culture, income
Example: low-income people have worse health, Indigenous have worse health
Define socioeconomic and political determinants
The impact of economic, social and public policy by governments on the population e.g. welfare, taxation, health care system, education system, labour laws, housing, culture norms
Government focus should be across all sections not just health
Define intermediary determinants
Forms bridge between structural determinants affecting individuals and socio-economic and political determinants of health inequality - 3 main categories:
- material circumstances (housing, transport)
- psychosocial (stress, coping style, social support)
- behavioural/biological (nutrition, physical activity, tobacco, genetics)
What was the Alma Ata Declaration
Focus on primary health care and health prevention (social justice perspective) - things such as clean water, education, housing, rehabilitative services, etc.
What health care system does Aus have
Mixed
Free universal and private health
UK is free universal and US is private system and free is means tested (US ignores WHO)
What is an individualistic culture
The smallest economic unit is the individual and independence is valued - attribute responsibility for health to the individual
What is a collectivist culture
The smallest economic unit is the family and human interdependence is valued - recognise role of extended family and community
Example: Maori beliefs ascribe 4 domains to health: family/community, physical, spiritual and emotional
What is meant by social capital and social cohesion
Access to social network, friends, neighbours and relatives who support individuals have better health outcomes (positive intermediary determinant)
Communities with strong culture and collaboration enjoy better health
How can intermediary determinants be modified
By community health programs and individual interventions e.g. The Heart Foundation WA’s Heart Health programs for Aboriginals
Describe health inequalities between countries
Money and income underpin health – wealth is associated with better health outcomes (poor are worse off so are Indigenous)
What is the disease burden equation
Disease burden is the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) = YLLs (years of life lost – early death) + YLDs (years living with disability)
Calculates cost of society from lost productivity
How should disease burden reduction be achieved
At individual level (lifestyle changes) AND at societal level (policy, programs, addressing inequalities)
What is a health behaviour
Any activity undertaken by a person who believes himself to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting disease in an asymptomatic stage
What are the models of behaviour - learning theories
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
What are the models of behaviour - cognitive and behavioural theories
Health belief model (HBM)
Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)
Transtheoretical model of behaviour change
Motivational therapy
What is the health belief model
Explain and predicts health-related behaviours
Developed in 1950s to explain low-levels participation in health screening and illness prevention programs
Focuses on attitudes and beliefs of individuals
What is the health belief model based on
Based on:
- Individual’s perception of threat to health (susceptibility and severity)
- Belief that a health strategy will be effective in reducing the threat (benefits and barriers)
- Moderating factors (demographic variables)
Look at diagram
What is the theory of planned behaviour
Recognises that cognitive and behavioural theories cannot explain health behaviours or produce change - Takes social influences/processes into account
Surrounds three beliefs that are predictive of individual health behaviour and outcomes
What are the three beliefs associated with the theory of planned behaviour
Individual attitude to behaviour (belief and evaluation of outcome)
Subjective norms (normative view of others and motivation to comply)
Perceived behavioural control (individual’s belief in capacity to achieve the desired outcome e.g. self-efficacy and the social context in which behaviour occurs)
Look at diagram
What is the transtheoretical model of behaviour change
- Precontemplation - not recognising the need to change/ no interest
- Contemplation - thinking about change
- Preparation - planning for change
- Action - adopting new habits
- Maintenance - ongoing, practice of new health behaviour
What are some limitations of theories and models of health behaviour
Predictors of health behaviour intentions rather than actual health behaviour
Models do not take sufficient account of:
- Physiological factors
- Lifespan
- Social and cultural factors
Should be inclusive of the social context of the person’s life
