Modules 1-3

Question 1

What happens in Interphase?

Answer 1

DNA is copied

Centrosomes replicate

Question 2

What happens in Prophase?

Answer 2

Chromosomes condense

Mitotic spindle forms

Question 3

What happens in Prometaphase?

Answer 3

Nuclear envelope fragments

Microtubules attach to the Kinetochore

Question 4

What happens in Metaphase?

Answer 4

Chromosomes line up in the middle to create the metaphase plate

Question 5

What happens in Anaphase?

Answer 5

Chromatids separate and pull apart

Question 6

What happens in Telophase and Cytokinesis?

Answer 6

Two new daughter Nuclei form

Cell elongation creates a cleavage furrow

Question 7

What does IPPMATC stand for

Answer 7

Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 8

Why do we use Anatomical terms?

Answer 8

To precisely describe the location of features on our body

Question 9

What does the anatomical position look like?

Answer 9

Standing upright
Arms at sides
Palms forward
Feet together

Question 10

Where are left and right on the anatomical position

Answer 10

Left and right are defined by the person, not the observer

Question 11

What do anterior and posterior mean? What’s another word for each?

Answer 11

Anterior = Front of the body, ventral
Posterior = back of the body, dorsal

Question 12

What does superior and Inferior mean?

Answer 12

Superior = above or towards the head
Inferior = below or towards the feet

Question 13

What is Anatomy?

Answer 13

Anatomy is the study of structure

Question 14

What is Physiology?

Answer 14

Physiology is the study of how body structures function

Question 15

What are the 6 levels if structural organization?

Answer 15

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal

Question 16

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 16

Homeostasis is a condition of equalibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment

Question 17

Explain the cycle of homeostasis control

Answer 17

Stimulus- distrupst the controlled conditon
Controlled conditon- the body at homeostasis
Receptors- send signals to the contol center
Control center- recoeves the imput and outputs nerve impulses to effectors
Effectors- create a response to the stimulus
Response- brings the controlled conditon back to normal

Question 18

What are the male and female body pass ratios?

Answer 18

Female
45% solids
55% fluids

Male
40% solids
60% fluids (2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular)

Question 19

Explain Matter, mass, and weight

Answer 19

Matter is anything that hass mass and takes up space

Mass is the amount of matter a substance contains

Weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass

Question 20

What are Atoms?

Answer 20

Atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics if an element
Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons but the number if neutrons can vary

Question 21

Explain Isotopes

Answer 21

When an element has varying numbers of neutrons they’re called isotopes.
Most isotopes have a stable nuclear structure, an unstable isotope is called a radioisotope.
As the nucleus of a radioisotope decays it emits radiation and overtime will turn into a different element.

Question 22

Explain Ions, Molecules and Compounds

Answer 22

Ion- an atom that has lost or gained an electron
Molecule- 2 or more atoms bonded tofether
Compound- 2 or more different atoms bonded together

Question 23

What is an Ionic bond?

Answer 23

Transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

Question 24

What is a Covalent bond?

Answer 24

Atoms share valence electrons, the greater the number of shared elctrons the stronger the bond

Question 25

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 25

Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds formed in molecules due to the polarity of the hydrogen

Question 26

What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?

Answer 26

``` Synthesis A + B + Energy -> AB Decomposition AB -> A + B + Energy Exchange AB + CD -> AD + BC Reversible AB A + B ```

Question 27

Why is water the most important inorganic compound?

Answer 27

Excellent solvent for polar substances | Aids in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

Question 28

Explain the tendencies of acids, bases, and salts in water

Answer 28

Acid dissociates into H+ and anions Base dissociates into OH- and cations Salt dissociates into cations and anions (neither are H+ or OH-)

Question 29

Explain the pH scale

Answer 29

``` Measures the acid/base concentration in a solution The more H+, the more acidic The more OH-, the more basic 1-6 acidic 8-14 basic ```

Question 30

Which elements are always in organic compounds? Give some examples

Answer 30

All organic compounds contain Carbon and Hydrogen, and usually Oxygen Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc.

Question 31

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 31

Carbs are sugars that provide most of the energy needed for life Contain C, H, and O Ex. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Question 32

What is a lipid?

Answer 32

Lipids are non polar fats in our diets and our bodies Composed of C, H, and O (sometimes P and N) Ex. Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol

Question 33

What makes steroids easily identifyable?

Answer 33

They contain 4 rings of Carbon atoms

Question 34

What is a Protein?

Answer 34

Proteins have complex functions and structures Regulate processes, provide protection, assist in movement, transport substances Always contain C, H, O, and N (some have S)

Question 35

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 35

``` A bond between Carbon and Nitrogen that holds together an amino acid Dipeptide- 2 Tripeptide- 3 Peptide- 4-9 Polypeptide- 10-50 Protein- >50 (some contain 10,000) ```

Question 36

What is an Enzyme?

Answer 36

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to increase the rate of chwmical reactions Enzymes are named after their substrate and usually have the suffix -ase

Question 37

What is DNA?

Answer 37

Huge molecule containing C, H, O, N, and P Composed of nucleotides (nitrogenous base, sugar, and P group) Forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and regulates most of the cell’s activities

Question 38

What is RNA?

Answer 38

Huge molecule containing C, H, O, N, and P Composed of nucleotides (nitrogenous base, sugar, and P group) Guides protein synthesis

Question 39

Explain the differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 39

``` DNA: A C G T Deoxyribose Doble stranded helix Self replicating ``` ``` RNA: A C G U Ribose Single strand Made by using DNA as a blueprint ```

Question 40

List the 3 main parts of the cell

Answer 40

Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm

Question 41

Explain the cell membrane

Answer 41

Surrounds the cell 60% protein, 40% lipids Fluid because most of the proteins and lipids move easily in the bilayer

Question 42

What are the two types of plasma membrane proteins?

Answer 42

Integral proteins | Peripheral proteins

Question 43

Name the 6 types of proteins in the plasma membrane

Answer 43

``` Ion Channel Carrier Receptor Enzyme Linker Cell identity marker (glycoprotein) ```

Question 44

Name the 3 types of lipids in the cell membrane

Answer 44

Cholesterol- stabizes the membrane and reduces fluidity Glycolipids- create a sugar coating in the cell helping the cells recognize each other Phospholipids- act as a barrier to most water soluble substances

Question 45

What are the two processes by which substances pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 45

``` Passive transport (no ATP) Ex. Diffusion, osmosis ``` ``` Active transport (requires ATP) Ex.vesicular transport ```

Question 46

Explain diffusion

Answer 46

The tendency of particles to scatter evenly through an environment using only their kinetic energy Particles move from high concentration to low concentration

Question 47

Whats the diffence between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion?

Answer 47

Facilitated diffusion: Transmembrane proteins help move particles that are too polar to move through the membrane Simple diffusion: Occurs when particles move down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane unassisted

Question 48

What is osmosis?

Answer 48

Osmosis is the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane sown its concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 49

What is Tonicity?

Answer 49

Tonicity is how a solution relates to the shape of cells Isotonic- solutes cannot pass the cell membrane Hypotonic- solution is less concentrated than the cytosol (cell expands “hemolysis”) Hypertonic- solution is more concentrated than the cytosol (cell shrivles “crenation”)

Question 50

Explain Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Answer 50

Endocytosis: particles move into cells Phagocytosis- cell eating Pinocytosis- cell drinking Exocytosis: particles move out of cells in vesicles

Question 51

What is the Nulceus genetic importance?

Answer 51

The nucleus contains the herditary units in our 46 chormosomes containing 25000 genes. Chromasomes are tightly would strands of DNA only visible during replication

Question 52

Explain how DNA unwinds and is paired with RNA

Answer 52

Helicase catalyzes the unwinding of DNA so it can be paired with a complimetary nucleotide from the RNA catalyzed by DNA polymerase

Question 53

What are the 3 types of RNA? Explain their purposes.

Answer 53

``` Messenger RNA (mRNA) -directs the synthesis of a protein Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) -joins with proteins to make ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) -brings amino acids to the proteins to be incorporated ```

Question 54

Explain the 3 nucleotide sets making up the genetic code

Answer 54

The gene codes are necesary for making proteins DNA- base triplet Ex. T-A-C mRNA- codon Ex. A-U-G tRNA- anticodon Ex. U-A-G

Question 55

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

Answer 55

Transcription involves making mRNA from a DNA template Teanslation is making a new protein in the ribosome from the mRNA template

Question 56

Explain how translation in the ribosomes creates new proteins

Answer 56

The ribosome has 3 binding sites where mRNA binds with tRNA and amino acids into a new protein