Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy And physiology 1 > Modules 4-6 > Flashcards

Modules 4-6 Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 4 major types of tissue in the body?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Names 3 places where epithelial tissue can be found

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
Oral cavity
Epidermis
Digestive tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 4 important functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection
Sensory functions
Secretions
Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 classifications of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous- thin and flat
Cuboidal- cube shaped
Coumnar- more tall than wide
Pseudostratified- varying forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain the difference between simple, stratified, and pseudostratified epithelial tissues

A

Simple- only 1 cell later thick and all cells contact the basement membrane
Stratified- two or more layers and only basal cells meet the basement membeane
Pseudostratified- cells are varying heights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
Protein fibers
Ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 6 functions of connective tissue?

A 
Protection
Structural support
Connection and binding
Storage
Transportation 
Immune function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 main classifications of connective tissues?

A

Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue in the body?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain sleletal muscle tissue

A

Made up of long cylindrical cells that are mutiple nuclei. They are unbranched and are attached to bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac muscle also has striations but are often branched.cells are conected by intercalated discs that help them work well as a unit. Found in the walls of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain Smooth muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle tissue is made of short tapered cells that are under involuntary control and appear in the walls of hollow organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the layers of the epidermis

A 
Top
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Bottom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many bones are in an adult skeleton?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the five categories of bones?

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Long Bones

A

Attachment sites for muscles that move the body

Ex. Humerus, Femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Short Bones

A

Small and boxy
They can glide over one another allowing flexible motion

Ex. Wrist (carpal bones) , Ankles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Flat Bones

A

Protect organs and attachment sites for muscles

Ex. Cranium, Ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Irregular bones

A

Vertebrae protect the spinal cord

Ex. Vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Develop inside tendons

Ex. Patella (protects the knee)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the benefits of the 4 pithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous- Rapid Transport
Cuboidal- Secretion/ Absorption
Columnar- Protection plus secretion and absorption
Transitional- allows for stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 5 major types of conective tissue?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
23
Q

Explain the 3 types of protein fibres found in connective tissues.

Study These Flashcards
A

Collagen fibres
Strong, flexible, found in bones, cartilage, and ligaments
Elastic fibres
Branching network, strong, found in skin, blood, and lungs
Reticular fibres
Thin and branching, framework for soft organs, found in spleen, and lymph nodes

24
Q

What are the two suffixs used for connective tissues?

Study These Flashcards
A

Blast- a young cell that is forming

Cyte- mature cell that maintains the health of the matrix

25
What are the two types of membranes in the body?
``` Epithelial membranes -mucous -serous -cutaneous Synovial membranes ```
26
What are the two types of nervous tissue cells?
Neurons | Neuroglia
27
What are the 6 important functions of the skeletal system?
``` Provides structural support Protects organs Assists movement Stores and releases salt and calcium Blood cell production Stores triglycerides ```
28
List the parts of the bone
Diaphysis (bone shaft) Epiphyses (rounded ends) Metaphyses (between diaphysis and epiphyses) Articular Cartilage (covering epiphyses) Periosteum (tissue surrounding diaphysis) Medullary cavity (hollow space in diaphysis) Endosteum (membrane lining medullary cavity)
29
What is the bone matrix composed of?
15-20% Water 25-30% Collagen (flexibility) 50-55% Minerals (hardness)
30
What are the two types of bone?
Compact bone Provides support, forms external layers of bones Spongy bone Protects the red marrow, internal structure
31
Explain the composition of compact bone
Few spaces Arranged in units called osteons Osteocytes exchange nutrients with canal vessels
32
Explain the composition of spongy bone
Lots of space, filled with red marrow Trabecular structure No osteons Osteocytes exchange nutrients with vessels in the membrane covering the trabeculae
33
What is the name of the artery/ vein entry point in the bone
Foramen
34
Explain Ossification
The process of bone formation beginning at 8 weeks gestation Takes place in two forms Intramembranous and Endochondral
35
Explain intramembranous bone formation
Occurs in the skull and clavicles. Collagen membrane is replaced by bone as osteoblasts lay down bone. The soft spots are called fontanels
36
Explain Endochondral bone formation
Occurs in most of the bones and the body. Cartilage templates are replaced with bone
37
How do bones get thicker as you grow?
Periosteal osteoblasts add new bone on the outer surface at the same time as endosteal osteoclasts destroy the bone lining the medullary cavity
38
Explain bone hormones during growth
During infancy Pituitary gland produces GH to stimulate growth and thyroid hormones modulate GH activity During puberty GH decline and sex hormones begin to stimulate born formation. Bone formation catches up to the cartilage to close the growth plates
39
Explain bone remodeling
Every week the body recycles 5-7% of its bone mass. Osteoclasts carve out tunnels in old bone called resorption. Osteoblasts move in and rebuild the bone in a process called deposition
40
What is the purpose of bone remodeling?
Mantain normal blood calcium levels Response to stress Renews bone before deterioration Heals injured bone
41
What are the bones role in Calcium Homeostasis?
The bones store 99% of the body’s calcium, and closely regulate it because its needed for nerve impulses, transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting. Parathyroid hormone is released when calcium levels drop, calcitonin is released when calcium levels increase
42
How quickly does bone loss occur in old people?
Females Bone loss starts between 30-45 years old and they lose 8% every 10 years Males Bone loss begins at 60 years old and they lose 3% every 10 years
43
Name the 4 properties of muscle?
Electrical excitability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity
44
What is a motor unit and a motor neuron?
Motor unit A motor neuron and the muscle cells it stimulates Motor neuron Carries the electrical signal from the brain to the muscles
45
What is the Neuromuscular junction?
The point of contact between the motor beuron and muscle cell
46
What is Acetylcholine?
The neurotransmitter that carries the message from the beuron to the muscle cell
47
What are the Origin and Insertion
Origin The attachment to the stationary bone Insertion The attachment to the moveable bone
48
Explain the difference between Isotonic and Isometric contractions
Isotonic- constant tension while muscle length changes -concentric (shortening) -eccentric (lengthening) Isometric- muscle contracts but does not change length
49
How is skeletal muscle formed? Explain its composition.
Myoblasts fuse together to create skeletal muscle cells. Myofibrils occupy 80% of a muscle cell and they contain myofilaments. The sarcomere is a part of the myofibril between the 2 z discs.
50
What is a Triad?
1 Tubule plus 2 terminal cisterns T tuble is an infolding of the sarcolema (cell membrane) that conducts the electrical impulse from the cell surface to the terminal cistern of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Impulses cause Ca to snter the sarcoplasm
51
What are the three jobs of muscle proteins?
Contractile- generate tension Regulartory- help switch processes on and off Structural- contribute to stability and elasticity
52
Explain the purposes of Myosin, Actin, Tropomyocin, and titin
Myosin- link thick and thin muscle filaments together Actin- bean shaped proteins that bind with myocin and for a helix Tropomyosin- cover the myosin binding site when the muscle is relaxed Titin- anchors the thick filament to the z disc and m line
53
Explain ATP’s effect on Myosin
ATP activates the myosin head so it can attach to actin and swivel to pull the actin toward the m line The myosin head will not detach until it gets another ATP signal
54
What are the four factors that influence muscle tension?
Degree of muscle stretch Frequency of stimulation How large the motor units are How many motor units are activated at all times

Anatomy And physiology 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions