Modules 11, 12 and 13

Question 1

How our genetic inheritance interacts with experiences to influence our development

Answer 1

Nature and nurture

Question 2

what parts of development are gradual and which are continuous

Answer 2

continuity and stages

Question 3

Which traits persist through life and how do we change as we age?

Answer 3

Stability and change

Question 4

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 4

Moral Development

Question 5

Erik Erikson

Answer 5

Psychosocial development

Question 6

Jean Piaget

Answer 6

Cognitive Development

Question 7

examines physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan

Answer 7

Developmental Psychology

Question 8

Research that compares people of different ages at same point in time

Answer 8

Cross-sectional Study

Question 9

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

Answer 9

Longitudinal Study

Question 10

Zygote

Answer 10

Fertilized egg

Question 11

Embryo

Answer 11

Developing human organism; 2 weeks after fertilization through second month

Question 12

Fetus

Answer 12

Developing human organism; 9 weeks after conception to birth

Question 13

Teratogens

Answer 13

Chemicals and viruses that can cause harm to embryo or fetus

Question 14

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

Answer 14

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 15

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimuli

Answer 15

Habituation

Question 16

Experiencing world through senses: looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping (birth to nearly 2 years)

Answer 16

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

Question 17

Representing things with words and images, using intuition rather than logic (2 to 6 or 7 years)

Answer 17

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

Question 18

Thinking logically about concrete events, performing arithmetical operations (7 to 11 years)

Answer 18

Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)

Question 19

Reasoning abstractly (age 12 through adulthood)

Answer 19

Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)

Question 20

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 20

“Too hard”

Question 21

Permissive parenting

Answer 21

“Too soft”

Question 22

Neglectful parenting

Answer 22

“Ignorant”

Question 23

Authoritative parenting

Answer 23

“Just right”

Question 24

Biological growth processes that enable changes in behavior

Answer 24

Maturation

Question 25

Optimal period in life when exposure to certain thing produces normal development

Answer 25

Critical period

Question 26

All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 26

Cognition

Question 27

A mental mold we build to hold our experiences

Answer 27

Schema

Question 28

Interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 28

Assimilation

Question 29

Adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

Answer 29

Accommodation

Question 30

Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 30

Object permanence

Question 31

Quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Answer 31

Conservation

Question 32

Difficulty taking another's point of view

Answer 32

Egocentrism

Question 33

Framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Answer 33

Scaffold

Question 34

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states (understanding another's pov)

Answer 34

Theory of mind

Question 35

Fear of strangers infants display

Answer 35

Stranger anxiety

Question 36

Emotional tie with others

Answer 36

Attachment

Question 37

Formation of strong attachments in early life

Answer 37

Imprinting

Question 38

Person's emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 38

Temperament

Question 39

Sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy (Erik Erickson)

Answer 39

Basic Trust

Question 40

Obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards (before age 9)

Answer 40

Preconventional morality

Question 41

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order (early adolescence)

Answer 41

Conventional morality

Question 42

Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles (adolescence and beyond)

Answer 42

Postconventional morality

Question 43

Transitional period from childhood to adulthood

Answer 43

Adolescence

Question 44

Period of sexual maturation, when person becomes capable of reproducing

Answer 44

Puberty

Question 45

Our sense of self is our..

Answer 45

Identity

Question 46

Ability to form emotionally close relationships

Answer 46

Intimacy

Question 47

age 18 to mid 20s, no longer adolescent but haven't achieved full independence

Answer 47

Emerging adulthood

Question 48

mild distress when mother leaves, seeking contact when she returns

Answer 48

secure attachment

Question 49

not exploring and loudly upset when mother leaves, remaining upset when she returns

Answer 49

Insecure attachment (anxious style)

Question 50

Seeming indifferent to mothers departure and return

Answer 50

Insecure attachment (avoidant style)

Question 51

Feeling that the world is predictable and trustworthy

Answer 51

Basic trust

Question 52

Raising children to be self-reliant, and developing a personal identity

Answer 52

Individualist cultures

Question 53

Parents maintain parenting control but might pay others to care for their children

Answer 53

Western cultures

Question 54

raising children to be interdependent and developing a family self

Answer 54

Collectivist cultures (Asia and Africa)

Question 55

The idea that development is a lifelong process

Answer 55

Lifespan perspective

Question 56

Transition period from childhood to adulthood

Answer 56

Adolescence

Question 57

If needs are met, infants develop a sense of basic trust (infancy)

Answer 57

Trust vs mistrust

Question 58

Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities (toddlerhood)

Answer 58

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 59

Preschoolers can initiate task and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent (preschool)

Answer 59

Initiative vs guilt

Question 60

Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior (elementary school)

Answer 60

Competence vs inferiority

Question 61

Teenagers work to refine sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are (adolescence)

Answer 61

Identity vs role confusion

Question 62

Young adults form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated (young adulthood)

Answer 62

Intimacy vs isolation

Question 63

Middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose (middle adulthood)

Answer 63

Generativity vs stagnation

Question 64

Reflecting on their lives, older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure (late adulthood)

Answer 64

Integrity vs despair