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Intro to Psych > Modules 16-24 > Flashcards

Modules 16-24 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Pupil

A

A hole in the eye

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2
Q

Lense

A

Changes and bends light

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3
Q

Retina

A

Receptor cell

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4
Q

Fovea

A

Central points of focus

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5
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries nerve signals to brain

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6
Q

Iris

A

A muscle that lets in light

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7
Q

Cornea

A

Protects the eye and bends light

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8
Q

Blind spot

A

Where the optic nerve begins to twist and creates a blank

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9
Q

Sensation

A

Sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimuli

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10
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Nerve endings that respond to stimuli

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11
Q

Perception

A

Organizing sensory information and giving it meaning

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12
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher processing

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13
Q

Top down processing

A

Constructs perceptions based on previous experiences

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14
Q

Transduction

A

Converting one form of energy to another

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15
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time

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16
Q

Signal detection theory

A

When we detect a faint stimuli amid other stimulation

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17
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)

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18
Q

Weber’s law

A

To be perceived as different 2 stimuli must be differing at a constant minimum percent

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19
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Reminisced sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimuli

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20
Q

Schema

A

Forming concepts through experience

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21
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relation between physical stimuli and psychology

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22
Q

Wave length

A

The distance between one wave peak to another

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23
Q

Amplitude

A

Waves height determined by its intensity

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24
Q

Rods

A

Secrecy black white and grey and are sensitive to movement

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25
Cones
Concentrated at retina, used in daylight and detect color
26
Trichromatic theory
We have 3 color receptor cones
27
Parallel processing
Processing many stimuli at once
28
Gestalt
An organized whole
29
Figure
The main focus
30
Ground
The background or surrounding
31
Depth perception
The ability to see 2d objects in 3D
32
Binocular cues
A depth cue that uses both eyes
33
Monocular cues
Depth cues that use one eye
34
Retinal disparity
A cue for perceiving depth
35
Perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as light images change
36
Color constancy
Perception of persistent color
37
Size constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging in side despite their distance
38
Short wave length
High frequency and pitch
39
Long wavelength
Low frequency and pitch
40
Basilar membrane
A fluid pod with hairs
41
Middle ear
Contains the 3 bones the that vibrate in the cochlea
42
Cochlea
Coiled fluid filled tube
43
Inner ear
Contains cochlea semicircular canal and vestibule sac
44
Sensioneural hearing loss
Damage to the cochlea receptor cells and nerves
45
Conduction hearing loss
Damage to the mechanical systems of the ear
46
Nocicepters
Sensory receptors that detect pain, temperature, and pressure
47
Olfaction
Sense of smell
48
Vestibular sense
Sense of balance
49
Synthetesia
Combining 2 senses
50
Parapsychology
Paranormal phenomena
51
Learning
The process of acquiring through experience
52
associative learning
Learning by linking 2 or more events
53
Respondent behavior
Automatic response
54
Operant behavior
Operate on environment and produce a consequence
55
Cognitive learning
Acquisition of mental info by observing events or watching others
56
Classical conditioning
Learning by linking 2 or more stimuli
57
Neutral stimuli
A stimuli that elicits not response before conditioning
58
Unconditioned response
An unlearned natural response to unconditioned stimuli
59
Unconditioned stimulus
A condition that would not normally trigger an unconditioned response
60
Conditioned response
A learned response to previously neutral stimulus
61
Conditioned stimulus
Originally neutral stimulus that after association triggers a conditioned response
62
Acquisition
The initial stage when when one links a neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli and they become conditioned
63
law of effect
Favorable behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likey
64
Reinforcer
Anything that strengthens a behavior
65
Shaping
Using reinforcers to guide behavior
66
Positive reinforcer
presenting something after a response to strengthen a behavior
67
Negative reinforcer
increases behavior by stopping or reducing stimuli
68
continuous reinforcement
reinforcement for every desired response
69
fixed ratio schedule
enforcement to a response after a certain number of responses
70
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement to a response after an unpredictable number of responses
71
fixed variable ratio schedule
Reinforcing a response randomly
72
Variable Interval ratio schedule
reinforcing a response at a random time
73
Punishment
event that decreases the behavior that follows
74
Positive
adding any stimuli
75
negative
removing any stimuli
76
Observational learning
learning associations from experience or observation
77
cognitive map
Mental representation of the layout of an enviorment
78
Latent Learning
learning that is not apparent until it is needed or rewarded
79
recall
retrieving information (fill in the blank)
80
Recognition
identifying information (multiple choice)
81
relearning
learning quicker after time (final exam)
82
encoding
getting information into the brain
83
storage
retaining the information
84
retrieval
Getting information back from long term
85
parallel processing
Processing many stimuli at once
86
Sensory memory
immediate brief recording of senses
87
short term memory
holds a few items for a brief amount of time
88
long term memory
limitless and permanent memory storage
89
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences we know
90
implicit memory
retention of memory without conscious attention
91
operant conditioning
behavior that operates on the environment producing reward or punishment
92
Operant conditioning formula
1. identify the target behavior 2. is that behavior increased, decreased, strengthened, or weakened 3. Was something added or removed
93
semantic
explicit memory of facts
94
episodic
explicit memory of personal experience
95
memory consilidation
storage of a longterm memory
96
flashbulb memory
a very clear and emotional memory
97
long-term potentiation
an increased firing potential of a cell after repeated use
98
encoding types
1. visual 2. organizational 3. meaning
99
anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories
100
retrograde amnesia
the inability to retrieve information from the past
101
retroactive interference
old info effecting the recall of new
102
proactive interference
new info effecting the recall of old
103
reconciliation
altering memories when we recall them
104
priming
connecting something in your memory and linking it to the enviorment
105
memory reconstruction
filtering and altering information to fill in missing gaps
106
source amnesia
when a memory of something is told to you by someone else you begin to believe it

Intro to Psych (5 decks)

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