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HEMA BLOOD CELL ANOMALIES > MOLBIO LEC > Flashcards

MOLBIO LEC Flashcards

1
Q

He discovered DNA

A

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
(1869)

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2
Q

He extracted a viscous substance, which he initially called nuclein, from isolated white blood cells in seepage collected from discarded surgical bandages

A

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER

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3
Q

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
- chemical analysis of the extracted nuclein showed that the substance was_____ and ______, making the substance different from any then known group of molecules

A

2.5% phosphorus and 14% nitrogen

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4
Q

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
- observed that mkst of the nonnuclear cell components could be lysed away with ____, leaving the nuclei intact

A

Diluted hydrochloric acid

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5
Q

Implicated that DNA is responsible for bacterial transformation

A

OSWALD AVERY
COLIN MACLEAD
MACLYN MACCARTY
(1994)

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6
Q

They showed that non encapsulated (non-pathogenic) strains of streptococcus pneumoniae are transformed to become encapsulated (pathogenic) upon the addition of DNA from the encapsulated strain

A

OSWALD AVERY
COLIN MACLEAD
MACLYN MACCARTY

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7
Q

In 1952, they helped confirmed that DNA is the genetic material- showed that viral nucleic acids are infectious while viral protein is not

A

ALFRED HERSHEY
MARTHA CHASE
(1952)

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8
Q

He performed chromatographic methods that led to the conclusion that adenine (A) content of DNA is equal to the Thymine (T) content while guanine (G) content is equal to its cytosine (C) content

A

ERWIN CHARGAFF
1949-1953

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9
Q

He started using optical spectroscopy to study DNA

A

MAURICE WILKINS
(1940s)

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10
Q

They obtained the A and B conformation of DNA

A

ROSALIND FRANKLIN AND MAURICE WILKINS

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11
Q

Published the first correct model of the DNA molecule

A

JAMES WATSON
FRANCIS CRICK
(1953)

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12
Q

They utilized Rosalind Franklin’s “Photo 51” and other data to postulate a three- dimensional model structure of the DNA structure

A

JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK

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13
Q

WHO ARE THE PEOPLE INCLUDED IN THE AGE OF DNA MANIPULATION STUDIES

A

HERBERT BOYER AND STANLEY NORMAN COHEN
WALTER GILBERT AND FREDERICK SANGER
KARRY MULLIS

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14
Q

They performed the first known successful DNA recombinant experiment which allowed them to produce human insulin from genetically modified bacteria

A

HERBERT BOYER AND STANLEY NORMAN COHEN (1973)

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15
Q

Separately developed techniques for rapid DNA sequencing that made it possible to read nucleotide sequence of entire genes

A

WALTER GILBERT AND FREDERICK SANGER
(1970s)

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16
Q

Invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for amplification of DNA

A

KARRY MULLIS (1985)

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17
Q

Presented the zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), which are engineered DNA-binding enzymes that allows targeted editing of the genome

A

1991
NIKOLA PANAYOT PAVLETICH AND CARL PABO

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18
Q

British developmental biologist who was the first to generate a mammalian clone

A

SIR IAN WILMUT (1997)

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19
Q

1997
SIR IAN WILMUT
A british biologist who was first to generate a mammalian clone, ____, by using nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells

A

DOLLY THE SHEEP

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20
Q

In 1998, the ________ ______ became the First multicellular organism to have its entire genome decoded

A

CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

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21
Q

In 2002, _____ became the first crop to have its entire genome decoded.

A

RICE

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22
Q

The completion of the ______ was recorded in 2003. The said project completely mapped and identified all the genes of the human genome in both functional and physical contexts

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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23
Q

In 2009, ________ were publicly presented. These are enzymes that can be engineered to cut specific DNA sequences

A

TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR-LIKE EFFECTOR NUCLEASES (TALENs)

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24
Q

In 2012, _______ was commercialized. It is utilized for genome editing purposes. The gene-editing capability has a wide range of applications, including treatment of genetic conditions and the development of biotechnology products

A

CRISPR-Cas9 technology

25
Q

CRISPR STANDS FOR?

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

26
Q

What are the 6 fundamental principles of ethics?

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Integrity
  3. Respect
  4. Beneficence
  5. Non- maleficence
  6. Justice
27
Q

This refers to the analysis of nucleic acids and proteins for diagnosis of disease, predicting the occurrence of a disease, predicting the prognosis of the diagnosed disease, and guiding therapy

A

MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY

28
Q

Genes that have the potential of causing cancer

A

ONCOGENES

29
Q

These are encoded proteins

A

ONCOPROTEINS

30
Q

Identifying the gene expression pattern that makes a disease unique allows the clinicians to?

A

Differentiate related diseases that may be distinguish from each other

31
Q

Common applications of diagnostic molecular pathology

A
  1. Redefinition of diseases
    Detection of cancer
    Detection of infectious diseases
    Treatment of diseases
    Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
    Diagnosis of genetic diseases
32
Q

This has been of great assistance for predicting the manifestation of genetic diseases by detection of genetic markers among family members

A

Diagnostic molecular techniques

33
Q

This studies how drug responses occur concerning an individual’s genome

A

Pharmacogenomics

34
Q

This is an antibody to the said receptor, can be used to destroy neu/HER2- positive breast cancers effectively

A

HERCEPTIN

35
Q

Pharmacogenomic ushers an era of personalized medicine, which downplays the “__________” convention and holds the promise of providing greater safety and efficacy in drug design and development

A

One drug fits all

36
Q

Detects the presence of nucleic acids from pathogens that are extremely hard to grow via culyure

A

PCR

37
Q

“If one wants to assume that a single substance… is the specific cause of fertilization, then one should undoubtedly first of all think of nuclein”

A

Johann Friedrich Miescher (1869)

38
Q

Observed that the amount of adenine in DNA corresponded to the amount of thymine and the amount of cytosine to the e amount of gusnine

A

Erwin chargaff, watson and crick

39
Q

Reported on an extract of E. Coli that could polymerize nucleotides into DNA in vitro
It was noted that the reaction required preformed
DNA and all four nucleotides along with a bacterial protein extract

A

Arthur kornberg
I. Robert Lehman
Maurice J. Bessman

40
Q

Using the technique of equilibrium density centrifugation on a cesium gradient

A

Matthew Melson
Franklin Stahl

41
Q

“Heavy” Dna- Nitrogen

A

Matthew Meselson
Franklin Stahl

42
Q

Semiconservative replication vs. dispersive dispersion

A

Matthew Meselson snd Franklin Stahl

43
Q

N:N

A

Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

44
Q

Template DNA determined the sequence of the nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA
- SUPPORTED BY ERWIN CHARGAF

A

Julius Adler
Sylvy Kornberg
Steven Zimmerman

45
Q

Developed techniques for rapid DNA sequencing

A

Gilbert and Sanger

46
Q

Primary sequence of proteins-insulin

A

Sanger

47
Q

The Maxam- Gilbert chemical sequencing method

A

Allan maxam
Walter gilbert
Frederick sanger

48
Q

Won the noble prize in chemistry (1993)

A

Karry mullis

49
Q

Year for the beginning of molecular medicine

A

1953

50
Q

DNA can be sequenced
Book of Life (human genome) can be read base by base

A

1975

51
Q

The human genome project began in _____ and was completed in ____

A

1990 and 2003

52
Q

The aim of the human genome project is to sequence of the whole human genome
Facilitated the emergence of high throughput technologies, with very important applications, the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics

A

Human genome project

53
Q

This was publicly presented in 2009
This enzyme can be engineered to cut specific DNA sequences

A

TALENs

54
Q

This was commercialized in the year 2012

A

CRISPR-Cas9

55
Q

It is utilized for genome editing purposes

A

Clustered regularly interspaced short, palindromic repeats

56
Q

Application of molecular diagnostics

A

Infectious diseases
Genetic disease screening
Pharmacogenomics
Transfusion in transplantation

57
Q

Ethics in molecular diagnosis
Essential elements of informed consent :

A

Description
Risk
Benefits,
confidentiality compensations
voluntary participation and withdrawal

58
Q

Ethics and molecular

A

Autonomy
Integrity
Respect
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Justice

HEMA BLOOD CELL ANOMALIES (8 decks)

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