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HEMA BLOOD CELL ANOMALIES > MOLBIO LEC > Flashcards

MOLBIO LEC Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

He discovered DNA

A

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
(1869)

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2
Q

He extracted a viscous substance, which he initially called nuclein, from isolated white blood cells in seepage collected from discarded surgical bandages

A

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER

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3
Q

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
- chemical analysis of the extracted nuclein showed that the substance was_____ and ______, making the substance different from any then known group of molecules

A

2.5% phosphorus and 14% nitrogen

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4
Q

JOHANN FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
- observed that mkst of the nonnuclear cell components could be lysed away with ____, leaving the nuclei intact

A

Diluted hydrochloric acid

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5
Q

Implicated that DNA is responsible for bacterial transformation

A

OSWALD AVERY
COLIN MACLEAD
MACLYN MACCARTY
(1994)

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6
Q

They showed that non encapsulated (non-pathogenic) strains of streptococcus pneumoniae are transformed to become encapsulated (pathogenic) upon the addition of DNA from the encapsulated strain

A

OSWALD AVERY
COLIN MACLEAD
MACLYN MACCARTY

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7
Q

In 1952, they helped confirmed that DNA is the genetic material- showed that viral nucleic acids are infectious while viral protein is not

A

ALFRED HERSHEY
MARTHA CHASE
(1952)

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8
Q

He performed chromatographic methods that led to the conclusion that adenine (A) content of DNA is equal to the Thymine (T) content while guanine (G) content is equal to its cytosine (C) content

A

ERWIN CHARGAFF
1949-1953

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9
Q

He started using optical spectroscopy to study DNA

A

MAURICE WILKINS
(1940s)

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10
Q

They obtained the A and B conformation of DNA

A

ROSALIND FRANKLIN AND MAURICE WILKINS

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11
Q

Published the first correct model of the DNA molecule

A

JAMES WATSON
FRANCIS CRICK
(1953)

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12
Q

They utilized Rosalind Franklin’s “Photo 51” and other data to postulate a three- dimensional model structure of the DNA structure

A

JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK

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13
Q

WHO ARE THE PEOPLE INCLUDED IN THE AGE OF DNA MANIPULATION STUDIES

A

HERBERT BOYER AND STANLEY NORMAN COHEN
WALTER GILBERT AND FREDERICK SANGER
KARRY MULLIS

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14
Q

They performed the first known successful DNA recombinant experiment which allowed them to produce human insulin from genetically modified bacteria

A

HERBERT BOYER AND STANLEY NORMAN COHEN (1973)

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15
Q

Separately developed techniques for rapid DNA sequencing that made it possible to read nucleotide sequence of entire genes

A

WALTER GILBERT AND FREDERICK SANGER
(1970s)

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16
Q

Invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for amplification of DNA

A

KARRY MULLIS (1985)

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17
Q

Presented the zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), which are engineered DNA-binding enzymes that allows targeted editing of the genome

A

1991
NIKOLA PANAYOT PAVLETICH AND CARL PABO

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18
Q

British developmental biologist who was the first to generate a mammalian clone

A

SIR IAN WILMUT (1997)

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19
Q

1997
SIR IAN WILMUT
A british biologist who was first to generate a mammalian clone, ____, by using nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells

A

DOLLY THE SHEEP

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20
Q

In 1998, the ________ ______ became the First multicellular organism to have its entire genome decoded

A

CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

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21
Q

In 2002, _____ became the first crop to have its entire genome decoded.

A

RICE

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22
Q

The completion of the ______ was recorded in 2003. The said project completely mapped and identified all the genes of the human genome in both functional and physical contexts

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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23
Q

In 2009, ________ were publicly presented. These are enzymes that can be engineered to cut specific DNA sequences

A

TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR-LIKE EFFECTOR NUCLEASES (TALENs)

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24
Q

In 2012, _______ was commercialized. It is utilized for genome editing purposes. The gene-editing capability has a wide range of applications, including treatment of genetic conditions and the development of biotechnology products

Study These Flashcards
A

CRISPR-Cas9 technology

25
CRISPR STANDS FOR?
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
26
What are the 6 fundamental principles of ethics?
1. Autonomy 2. Integrity 3. Respect 4. Beneficence 5. Non- maleficence 6. Justice
27
This refers to the analysis of nucleic acids and proteins for diagnosis of disease, predicting the occurrence of a disease, predicting the prognosis of the diagnosed disease, and guiding therapy
MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
28
Genes that have the potential of causing cancer
ONCOGENES
29
These are encoded proteins
ONCOPROTEINS
30
Identifying the gene expression pattern that makes a disease unique allows the clinicians to?
Differentiate related diseases that may be distinguish from each other
31
Common applications of diagnostic molecular pathology
1. Redefinition of diseases Detection of cancer Detection of infectious diseases Treatment of diseases Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine Diagnosis of genetic diseases
32
This has been of great assistance for predicting the manifestation of genetic diseases by detection of genetic markers among family members
Diagnostic molecular techniques
33
This studies how drug responses occur concerning an individual’s genome
Pharmacogenomics
34
This is an antibody to the said receptor, can be used to destroy neu/HER2- positive breast cancers effectively
HERCEPTIN
35
Pharmacogenomic ushers an era of personalized medicine, which downplays the “__________” convention and holds the promise of providing greater safety and efficacy in drug design and development
One drug fits all
36
Detects the presence of nucleic acids from pathogens that are extremely hard to grow via culyure
PCR
37
“If one wants to assume that a single substance… is the specific cause of fertilization, then one should undoubtedly first of all think of nuclein”
Johann Friedrich Miescher (1869)
38
Observed that the amount of adenine in DNA corresponded to the amount of thymine and the amount of cytosine to the e amount of gusnine
Erwin chargaff, watson and crick
39
Reported on an extract of E. Coli that could polymerize nucleotides into DNA in vitro It was noted that the reaction required preformed DNA and all four nucleotides along with a bacterial protein extract
Arthur kornberg I. Robert Lehman Maurice J. Bessman
40
Using the technique of equilibrium density centrifugation on a cesium gradient
Matthew Melson Franklin Stahl
41
“Heavy” Dna- Nitrogen
Matthew Meselson Franklin Stahl
42
Semiconservative replication vs. dispersive dispersion
Matthew Meselson snd Franklin Stahl
43
N:N
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
44
Template DNA determined the sequence of the nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA - SUPPORTED BY ERWIN CHARGAF
Julius Adler Sylvy Kornberg Steven Zimmerman
45
Developed techniques for rapid DNA sequencing
Gilbert and Sanger
46
Primary sequence of proteins-insulin
Sanger
47
The Maxam- Gilbert chemical sequencing method
Allan maxam Walter gilbert Frederick sanger
48
Won the noble prize in chemistry (1993)
Karry mullis
49
Year for the beginning of molecular medicine
1953
50
DNA can be sequenced Book of Life (human genome) can be read base by base
1975
51
The human genome project began in _____ and was completed in ____
1990 and 2003
52
The aim of the human genome project is to sequence of the whole human genome Facilitated the emergence of high throughput technologies, with very important applications, the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics
Human genome project
53
This was publicly presented in 2009 This enzyme can be engineered to cut specific DNA sequences
TALENs
54
This was commercialized in the year 2012
CRISPR-Cas9
55
It is utilized for genome editing purposes
Clustered regularly interspaced short, palindromic repeats
56
Application of molecular diagnostics
Infectious diseases Genetic disease screening Pharmacogenomics Transfusion in transplantation
57
Ethics in molecular diagnosis Essential elements of informed consent :
Description Risk Benefits, confidentiality compensations voluntary participation and withdrawal
58
Ethics and molecular
Autonomy Integrity Respect Beneficence Nonmaleficence Justice

HEMA BLOOD CELL ANOMALIES (8 decks)

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