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Human Growth & Development > Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development- Bumann > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development- Bumann Flashcards

1
Q

cells begin to form specific and specialized structures

A

differentiation

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2
Q

cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parent cells:

A

growth

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3
Q

What are the three stages of embryonic development?

A
  1. differentiation
  2. growth
  3. patterning
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4
Q

cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation:

A

pattterning

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5
Q

the process of patterning in which cells get organized into layers and groups of cell masses occurs through:

A

gastrulation

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6
Q

Patterning needs to occur in 3 dimensions, these include:

A
  1. anterior-posterior (top-bottom)
  2. dorsal-ventral (left-right)
  3. proximal-distal (front-back)
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7
Q

Where does fit in to the continuum of patterning and embryonic development?

A
  1. malocclusion syndromes
  2. craniofacial malformations
  3. bone mass traits
  4. tooth agenesis
  5. tooth movement
  6. tooth development disorders
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8
Q

The following conditions are all considered:

Pierre-Robin
Treater Collins
Marfan Syndrome

A

Malocclusion syndromes

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9
Q

The following conditions are all considered:

  • crouson
  • apert
  • pfierffer
  • cleating syndrome (lip & palate)
A

craniofacial malformations

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10
Q

The following conditions are all considered:

Sclerosterosis and van Buschem’s
High bone mass and OPPG
Paget’s syndrome

A

bone mass traits

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11
Q

Tooth Agenesis can be described as:

A

missing teeth

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12
Q

The following conditions are considered:

dentinogenesis imperfect
amelogenesis imperfecta

A

tooth development disorders

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13
Q

Amelogenesis imperfect can be described as:

A

tooth development disorder affecting the enamel

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14
Q

craniofacial anomalies account for:

A

1/3 of all congenital defects

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15
Q

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 0-2 weeks

A

not sensitive; high rate of lethality may occur

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16
Q

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 3-8 weeks

A

period of greatest sensitivity; each organ system also has a period of peak sensitivity

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17
Q

Describe the susceptibility to teratogenesis during 9-38 weeks

A

decreasing sensitivity; period of functional maturation

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18
Q

developmental time period in which the face is forming:

A

3-8 weeks

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19
Q

list four important concepts of embryonic development:

A
  1. universal mechanisms of animal development
  2. proteins can substituted across species
  3. inductive signaling
  4. regional determination
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20
Q

What are the five signaling pathways that species share in common?

A
  • receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
  • TGF-beta superfamily
  • WNT signaling
  • Hedgehog signaling
  • Notch signaling
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21
Q

multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating:

A

cell interactions and gene regulation

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22
Q

Proteins can be ___ across species

A

substituted

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23
Q

_____ defines the development program of an organism

A

regulatory DNA

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24
Q

An important concept of embryonic development is ____vs. ___

A

asymmetric versus symmetric cell division

25
Q

gradients reflective of a balance between positive and inhibitory inductive signals; sequential inductions

A

inductive signaling and morphogens

26
Q

division in which sister cells are born different:

A

asymmetric division

27
Q

division in which sister cells become different as result of influences acting on them after their birth

A

symmetric division

28
Q

Inductive signaling is characterized by:

A
  1. starting point (cell or cell cluster)
  2. cell-cell signaling
  3. cell signaling cascades
  4. acts over great distances
29
Q

Early developmental process in which the embryo (week 3 in humans) transforms from a single cell layer (blastula) into the three primary germ layers:

A

gastrulation

30
Q

When does the process of gastrulation occur?

A

3 weeks in humans

31
Q

gastrulation transforms a single cell layer (___) into three ___.

A

blastula; three primary germ layers

32
Q

What are the three primary germ layers formed from the blastula through gastrulation?

A
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
  • mesoderm
33
Q

Forms towards the anterior following gastrulation:

A

Hensen’s Node

34
Q

Forms from anterior to posterior following gastrulation:

A

primitive streak

35
Q

Following gastrulation we get ____ formation towards the anterior and ___ formation towards the posterior:

A

head; somite

36
Q

Race and ethnicity are considered ____ meaning they do not exist ___

A

social constructions; biologically

37
Q

a socially defined category, based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people:

A

race

38
Q

a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor:

A

ethnicity

39
Q

misappropriates the authority of science and undermines it by converting it into a social weapon:

A

scientific racism

40
Q

the impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically to genetic changes in response to those stresses:

A

social epigenomics

41
Q

Around how many distinct craniofacial syndromes are there?

A

more than 700

42
Q

craniofacial syndromes are a significant cause of:

A

infant mortality

43
Q

___ % of all live birth exhibit some form of minor or major craniofacial abnormality:

A

3%

44
Q

embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and the epidermis:

A

neural crest cells

45
Q

Neural cells are an embryonic cell population located between:

A

the developing neural tube and the epidermis

46
Q

Some neural crest cells exhibit ____ meaning that they can give rise to multiple differentiated cell types

A

“stemness”

47
Q

In the formation of craniofacial structures (and many other structures) the ____ migrate through restricted pathways to form the developing structures

A

neural crest cells

48
Q

Cell migration is a tightly regulated process and the NCCs receive cues such as ___ & ___ that restrict their movement and determine fate

A

morphogens & growth factors

49
Q

over ___ genes have been identified that have mutations associated with tooth patterning morphogenesis defects and cell differentiation defects

A

300

50
Q

As a collective group, ____ diseases are the most common

A

craniofacial genetic diseases

51
Q

List the five categories of genetic diseases of the dentition:

A
  1. ectodermal dysplasias
  2. tooth agenesis
  3. supernumerary teeth
  4. cleft lip/ palate
  5. skeletal diseases and the dentition
52
Q
  • greater than 100 different disorders
  • commonly involves one or more of teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands, and/or hair
A

ectodermal dysplasias

53
Q

List the 3 types of tooth agenesis:

A
  1. hypodontia
  2. oligodontia
  3. anodontia
54
Q

Missing only a few teeth, common type of tooth agenesis

A

hypdontia

55
Q

missing more than 6 teeth excluding third molars, more severe form of tooth agenesis

A

oligodontia

56
Q

absence of teeth or complete lack of teeth

A

anodontia

57
Q

form of tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth appear smaller:

A

microdontia

58
Q

form tooth agenesis in which one or more teeth grow faster and exceed average size:

A

macrodontia

59
Q

code that drives tooth formation & is extremely important that is results in the correct schematic

A

homeobox code

Human Growth & Development (11 decks)

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