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Human Growth & Development > Prenatal & Craniofacial Development- Cox > Flashcards

Prenatal & Craniofacial Development- Cox Flashcards

1
Q

Morphogenesis of the face is a complex 3D process involving:

A

patterning, outgrowth, fusion and molding of tissues

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2
Q

at around 22 days (3 weeks), head and neck regions comprise:

A

nearly half of the embryo

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3
Q

During the 4th week, ventral mesoderm condenses into a series of segmented bilaterally paired:

A

mesenchymal swellings

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4
Q

During the 4th week, ventral mesoderm condenses into a series of segmented bilaterally paired mesenchymal swellings also known as:

A

pharyngeal (branchial) arches

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5
Q

There are ultimately ___ pairs of pharyngeal (branchial) arches arising in a ____ order

A

cranial-caudal

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6
Q

Cranial-caudal can also be referred to as:

A

anterior-posterior

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7
Q

Thinking of the face itself now, initially __ prominences (tissue masses) surround the ___

A

5; stomodeum

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8
Q

The first mandibular arch and maxillary processes are both ___

A

paired structures

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9
Q

The first mandibular arch and maxillary processes are both paired structures and grow:

A

Ventro-laterally around the OM

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10
Q

The oropharyngeal membrane breaks down during:

A

4th week

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11
Q

(pharyngeal arch growth) The majority of growth and morphological change in facial tissue masses is driven by:

A

invading cranial neural crest-derived mesenchyme

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12
Q

The ____ forms first, then forms into the ___ . Then the ___ splits off

A

branchial arch 1; mandibular portion; maxillary portion

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13
Q

contrary to textbook literature, the paired first pharyngeal arches only give rise to ____.

A

mandibular processes

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14
Q

____ originate as separate (delayed) swellings rostral to the mandibular processes

A

maxillary processes

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15
Q

Maxillary processes occur due to the invasion by a distinct population of:

A

late migrating CNCC

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16
Q

Formation and invagination of ____ (thickening of ectoderm) in the frontonasal prominence (FNP) occurs after the maxillary and mandibular swellings occur

A

nasal placodes

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17
Q

Induction and invagination of ___ is similar to neural plate induction and invagination

A

nasal placodes

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18
Q

(morphogenesis of the midface): there are two types of morphological processes for “joining tissues” including:

A
  1. merging
  2. fusion
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19
Q

Joining of two masses already partly in contact

A

merging

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20
Q

What structures are involved in the morphological process of “merging”

A
  1. merging of maxillary and lateral nasal processes
  2. medial merging of mandibular processes
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21
Q

In morphogenesis of the midface, ___ occurs between the maxillary and lateral nasal processes (MXP & LNP)

A

merging

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22
Q

In morphogenesis of the midface, ____ occurs with the mandibular processes (MNP)

A

medial merging

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23
Q

In morphogenesis of the midface, merging occurs during the ___ week of human development

A

5th week

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24
Q

Joining of two separate tissue masses:

A

fusion

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25
Q

During formation of the primary and secondary palates, ____ occurs between the MNP, MXP/LNP:

A

contact-dependent fusion

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26
Q

Contact dependent fusion between the MNP (medial nasal process), and MXP/LNP (maxillary nasal process/Lateral nasal process) forms the:

A

primary palate and nares (nostrils)

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27
Q

Contact dependent fusion between the MNP (medial nasal process), and MXP/LNP (maxillary nasal process/Lateral nasal process) forms the primary palate and nares during the ___ week of human development

A

6th week

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28
Q

The ____ arises later rom the medial aspects of the MXPs leading to palatal shelves

A

secondary palate

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29
Q

The secondary palate (future roof of mouth) arises later from the medial aspects of the __ which lead to ___.

A

MXPs; palatal shelves

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30
Q

The secondary palate forms during the ___ week of human development

A

10th

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31
Q

The secondary palate forms during the 10th week of development through a ___ event

A

fusion

32
Q

after immigration of cranial neural crest cells, growth and morphogenesis of the face is controlled by ongoing:

A

epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

33
Q

responsible for determining facial form/shape:

A

cranial neural crest cells

34
Q

in addition to CNCCs primarily determining facial form/shape, ___ also play a role

A

ectoderm

35
Q

How does the ectoderm play a role in determining facial form/shape:

A

defines boundaries of gene expression

36
Q

What are two examples of neural expression signals provided by the ectoderm for role in facial form/shape:

A

Shh & Fgf8

37
Q

juxta-positioned FGF8/SHH leads to:

A

frontonasal ectoderm zone (FEZ)

38
Q

The growth factor secreted by ventral facial ectoderm:

A

Shh

39
Q

The growth factor secreted by the dorsal facial ectoderm:

A

Fgf8

40
Q

Ectodermal factors instruct:

A

facial D-V patterning

41
Q

secreted factors from the FEZ can direct outgrowth of the underlying CNCC and determines:

A

D-V pattern of FNP

42
Q

The precise shape of the frontonasal process depends upon pattern information inherent in the:

A

neural crest

43
Q

List three other functions of the ectoderm (in addition to gene expression/patterning signals):

A
  1. support and direct outgrowth of facial processes
  2. Guides differentiation of CNC through growth factors
  3. facilitates fusion of facial processes
44
Q

fusion between what 3 components of the embryo must occur in order to form the primary palate:

A
  1. medial nasal tissue
  2. lateral nasal process
  3. maxillary process
45
Q

for the medial nasal tissue, lateral nasal process, and maxillary process to fuse to form the primary palate, what is absolutely required?

A

ectodermal cells

46
Q

Fusion establishes the primary palate which goes on to form the:

A

alveolus and lip proper

47
Q

How do we know that fusion of the medial nasal tissue of the frontal nasal process, the lateral nasal process and the maxillary process are improtant?

A

because defects in this fusion result ini cleft lip and palate

48
Q

full fusion is required to ensure the ___ is continuous

A

alveolar bone

49
Q

third most common birth defect and occurs in ~1 in 700 births world-wide

A

cleft lip +/- cleft primary palate

50
Q

forms through a similar fusion mechanism as the primary palate:

A

secondary palate

51
Q

When does the primary palate form? when does the secondary palate form?

A

7th week; 10th week

52
Q

condensations of CNCC mesenchyme are:

A

palatal shelves

53
Q

Secondary palate formation involves: (3)

A
  1. growth of maxillary extensions (either side of tongue)
  2. Elevation and rotation
  3. medial growth and fusion at midline with nasal septum
54
Q

___ of the secondary palate begins just before palatal development is complete:

A

ossification

55
Q

Palatal shelves are condensations of:

A

CNCC mesenchyme

56
Q

What is required in order to have complete mesenchyme over the bridge to form the bony part in the formation of a secondary palate:

A

movement and disintegration of epithelia

57
Q

Defects in palatal shelf fusion would result in:

A

cleft secondary palate

58
Q

Cleft primary palate occurs in :

Cleft secondary palate occurs in:

A

1/700 births

1/1000 births

59
Q

Cleft secondary palate can result from:

A
  1. poor growth of shelves
  2. failed elevation
  3. failed fusion
60
Q

What is critical for the tongue and secondary palate closure?

A

critical that the tongue lower to allow the shelves to rotate to a position above the tongue

61
Q

Macroglossia (enlarged tongue) can provide a physical barrier to:

A

secondary palate closure

62
Q

____ is also associated with failed palatal fusion (such as in pierre-robin sequence)

A

small or retrognathic mandible

63
Q

A small or retrognathic mandible results in the tongue being:

A

force backward ad elevated

64
Q

craniofacial cartilage first appears in the ____ and shortly thereafter in the ____ and ____

A

mandible; midface & cranial base

65
Q

Provides structural support for shaping the growing head:

A

craniofacial cartilage

66
Q

Unlike the axial skeleton, craniofacial cartilage:

A

is not typically replaced by bone

67
Q

Cartilage of pharyngeal arch 1:

A

Meckel’s Cartilage

68
Q

When does meckel’s cartilage arise and what does it form?

A

7th week of human development; template for the mandible

69
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1 also contirbutes to two:

A

ear ossicles (parts of malleus and incus)

70
Q

If a patient has a mandibular defect, what also should you check for?

A

inner ear deficiencies

71
Q

portion of the ear:

  • derivatives of PA1 and PA2
  • intervening pharyngeal cleft
  • pharyngeal pouch
A

external and middle ear

72
Q

portion of the ear:

  • arises from thickening of ectoderm (otic placode) dorsal to PA3 at the level of the hind brain and subsequent invagination (otic pit)
A

Inner ear

73
Q

During the development of the ear, region between PA1 and PA2 undergo a morphological change to create bulge like structures called:

A

Hillocks of His

74
Q

Inner and outer ear malformations are often associated wtih:

A

mandibular defects

75
Q

ossification of the mandible and maxilla start occurring around day ____ of development

A

day 52

76
Q

cranial neural crest cells give rise to the bony structures of the ___ & ___ but not the ____ as those are derived from a mesoderm component

A

face and frontal bone; NOT parietal bone

Human Growth & Development (11 decks)

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