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Biology 1010 > Molecules of life- Unit 1 > Flashcards

Molecules of life- Unit 1 Flashcards

Unit 1 (99 cards)

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1
Q

Where do trans fats occur

A

In hydrogenated vegetable oils

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2
Q

Why are trans fats dangerous

A

raise cholesterol more than any other fat and directly alter function of arteries and veins.

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3
Q

How much of trans fat a day will hurt you

A

2 grams

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4
Q

What diseases does trans fat cause

A

Atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), heart attacks, and diabetes

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5
Q

What is the chemical make up of trans fats

A

Straight

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6
Q

Molecules of Life

A

Complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid all are organic molecules make up all living things

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7
Q

What does a straight chemical make up mean

A

It is a solid at room temperatuer

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8
Q

What does it mean if a molecule is organic

A

Compounds consisting of mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms

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9
Q

Backbone of life

A

Carbon chains and rings. Carbon linked together with covalent bonds

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10
Q

hydrocarbon

A

organic molecules that consist of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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11
Q

Functional Groups

A

Atoms in a molecule that are bonded to a carbon atom and form a particular pattern and display a consistent function (polarity and acidity)

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions where cells acquire and use energy as they build and break organic molecules

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13
Q

Enzyme

A

Compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it

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14
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Build polymers from monomers, 2 small molecules create 1 larger molecule

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15
Q

Monomer

A

Molecules that are subunits of polymers. Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides (legos)

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water breaks down a compound, these reactions release monomers by breaking apart polymers

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17
Q

Polymer

A

Molecule that consists of multiple monomers

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18
Q

What do all organic compounds have attached to carbon atoms

A

Functional Groups

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19
Q

What do functional groups do

A

Define cells capacity to build complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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20
Q

what are Carbohydrates made out of

A

Molecule that consists of primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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21
Q

What are carbohydrates used for

A

Energy and structural materials

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22
Q

What assembles complex carbs

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

Monosaccharides

A

1 Sugar unit, simplest carb

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24
Q

4 types Complex carbs

A

Cellulose, glycogen, starch, Chitin

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25
How many carbon atoms does DNA and RNA nucleic acids ahve
5
26
How many carbon atoms does glucose have
6
27
Polysaccharides
Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers (hundreds to thousands)
28
All complex carbs have
different chemical properties due to different patterns of covalent bonds that link to glucose monomer (all have this monomer)
29
Cellulose
Toughens structure of plants
30
Cellulose build
Glucose chains that stretch side to side with many hydrogen bonds
31
Starch
Main energy reserve in plants
32
Where is starch stored
Roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds
33
Form of starch
Amylose
34
Starch build
Glucose units form a coiled chain
35
Glycogen
Stored in muscles and livers and functions as an energy reservoir for humans and animals
36
Chitin
Strengthens hard parts of many small animals like crabs and insects
37
Chitin build
Glucose and nitrogen containing carbonyl group
38
Carbs are the...
Most abundant biological molecule
39
Carbohydrate function
Energy reserve and structural materials
40
Lipids
Major energy source and structural materiasl
41
Compound types of lipids
Fatty, oily, waxy
42
What are all lipids
Hydrophobic (nonpolar)
43
Fatty lipids have
Fatty acid tails
44
how many fatty acid tails do most fatty lipids have
2 except for triglycerides have 3
45
Phospholipids purpose
Main structural compounds of cell membranes
46
Lipids types
Fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
47
Waxes
Lipids that are water-repellent and lubricating secretion
48
Steroids
Occur in cell membrane and some are remodeled into other molecules
49
Unsaturated fatty acids bonds
At least one double-bond that limits flexibility, it is either cis or trans depending on how hydrogens are arranged around them
50
Cis and trans tails
Cis tail is kinked, Trans is straight
51
Animal fats are
Saturated
52
Saturated fats remain ____ at room temp
Solid since saturated tails pack together tightly
53
Vegetable oils are what fat
Unsaturated
54
Unsaturated fats remain ____ at room temp
Liquid as kinked tails don't pack tightly
55
Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are what fat
Saturated fats
56
What do partially hydrogenated vegetables oils have
Trans double bond that allows to pack tight and therefor is solid at room temp
57
Phospholipids
Lipids with polar phosphate group in hydrophilic head, and ti has 2 nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails
58
What are phospholipids a main part of
Eukaryotic cell membranes
59
How do phospholipids give rise to membrane structures
2 lipid layers (bilayer), hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in between hydrophilic heads
60
Wax make up
Long fatty acid tails bonded to long alcohol chains or carbon rings
61
What does wax do
Protects and lubricates skin and hair, covers exposed plant surfaces, and creates honey comb
62
Steroid build up
Lipids with 4 carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
63
Where are steroids found
In all Eukaryote cell membranes
64
Cholesterol
Most common steroid found in animal tissue that can be remodeled into many new molecules
65
Bile salts
digest fat and vitamin D
66
Steroid hormones
Estrogen and Testosterone
67
Lipids function as
Energy reservoirs and waterproofing/ lubricating substances
68
Lipids can be
Remodeled into other compounds such as vitamins
69
What are the main structural components of all cell membranes
Lipids
70
What are structurally and functionally the most diverse biomolecule
Proteins
71
What determines a proteins function
its shape
72
Protein
Organic compound that consists of 1 or more amino acid chains (polypeptide)
73
Amino acids
Small organic compound that's a subunit of proteins
74
How many monomers can make how many proteins
20 monomers can make thousands of proteins
75
Types of groups bonded to same carbon
Carboxyl, amine, and a characteristically side group
76
Protein Synthesis needs
Covalently bonding amino acids into a polypeptide linked by peptide bonds
77
polypeptide
Chain of amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds
78
Peptide bonds
joins amine group of one amino acid and a carboxyl group of another protein
79
Condensation formed by
Peptide bond forms between carboxyl group of methionine and a amine group of serine, extra aminos are added to carboxyl
80
Protein's primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids
81
what creates larger protein structure
Fibrous proteins
82
Secondary primary structure
Polypeptide chain twists into a coil
83
Tertiary primary structure
Coil eventually makes a barrel shape
84
Quaternary primary structure
2 or more coils interact and create several pockets creating larger structures
85
What makes up hair
Keratin
86
Denatures
Protein unravels it's shapeWha
87
What causes denaturing
Shift of PH or temperature, exposure to detergent of salts that disrupt hydrogen bonds
88
What happens if a protein denatures
It loses it's function
89
Prions disease
Result of misfolded PrPc's
90
What can prions disease cause
Mad cow disease, Creutzfeld Jakob, Scrapio, also cause other PrPc's to misfold
91
Famous case of prions disease
Charlene Singh
92
What is structurally and functionally the most diverse molecule
Protein
93
Nucleotides
Small organic molecule made up of sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base, it's the monomer of DNA and RNA
94
Nucleic Acid
Single or double strand chains of nucleotides joined with sugar and phosphates. DNA and RNA
95
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, encodes heritable info that guides synthesis of RNA and proteins. Consists of 2 nucleotides chained in a double helix
96
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid Interacts with DNA for protein synthesis
97
ATP's function
Energize molecules by phosphate group transfers
98
ATP
A nucleotide
99
Enzymes that hydrolyze cis acids can't
break down trans fatty acids

Biology 1010 (11 decks)

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