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Monera Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is bacteria found

A

Terrestrial and aquatic environments

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2
Q

What size are bacteria

A

Very small
Single celled
0.1-1.0um

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3
Q

What is a bacteria cell wall ,ade from

A

Mixture of sugars and proteins

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4
Q

What does the cell wall do

A

Prevents bursting when they are in cells less concentrated then their cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is the name of the semi solid layer sometimes present around the cell

A

Capsule

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6
Q

Do bacteria have chromosomes?

A

Yes one bacterial chromosome consisting of a circular strand of DNA

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7
Q

What are plasmids

A

They are one or more DNA loops present in bacterial cells and they contain genes responsible for resistance against antibiotics.

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8
Q

Where are bacterial genes present

A

Surrounding the chromosome and plasmid(s)

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what does it contain

A

It is what surrounds the chromosome and contains ribosomes storage granular NO MITROCHONDRIA OR CHLOROPLASTS

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10
Q

What are flagella

A

They cause the cell to move

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11
Q

Name an example of a circular bacteria

A

Sore throat

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12
Q

Name an example of a rod bacteria

A

Tuberculosis

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13
Q

Name a spiral bacteria

A

Syphilis

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14
Q

What type of bacteria cells contains spore

A

Rod

Spiral

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15
Q

Name an example of bacterial cell that contains a capsule and what shape is it

A

Pneumonia

Round

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16
Q

What is the name of bacteria reproduction and is it a sexual or sexual

A

Boundary fission

Asexual

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17
Q

How does boundary fission happen

A

A strand of DNA copies itself into an identical strand

Th cell elongates and splits

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18
Q

Why does bacterial reproduction happen so quickly?

A

Mutations can spread rapidly

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19
Q

What can a bacterial cell produce to survive harsh conditions

A

Endospores

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20
Q

When are endospores formed

A

When bacteria chromosomes replicates with one new strand becoming included by a tough walled endospores formed inside the parent cell
The parent cell breaks down and thenendospore can remain dormant for s long time

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21
Q

When is the endospores made back to a normal cell

A

When conditions are suitable the endospores absorbs water and the tough wall breaks down

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22
Q

What are the two headings that the methods of a bacterial cells getting food is named under

A

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

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23
Q

What are the two methods in autotrophic

A

Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic

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24
Q

Define autotrophic

A

Means an organism makes its town food

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25
What happens in photosynthesis
Cells use light energy to make food
26
Define chemosynthesis
The production of food using energy released from chemical reactions
27
Define herterotroph
An organism obtains food made by other organisms
28
Name the two heterotrophic bacteria
Saprophytes and parasites
29
Define saprophytes
Organisms that obtain food from a dead organic matter
30
Define parasites
Organisms that take food from a live host and usually cause harm
31
What are the factors that effect growth of bacteria
``` Temperature Oxygen concentration Ph External solute concentration Pressure ```
32
What temperature is needed for bacteria growth
20-30 degrees | Colder = slower
33
Name the 4 types of oxygen bacteria
Anaerobic Aerobic Facultative anaerobes Obligate anaerobes
34
What are aerobic bacteria
Require oxygen | E.g. Streptococcus
35
What are anaerobic bacteria
Don't require oxygen | E.g. Clostridium
36
What are facultative anaerobes
Can respite with or without oxygen | Eh ecoli
37
What are obligate anaerobes
Only respire in the absence of oxygen | Eh clostridium tetani
38
What ph is required
Bacterial enzymes are designed to work st specific phs | Most grow at 7
39
What happens when a bacterial enzyme is placed in an unsuitable ph
They are denatured
40
What pressure is required
Cell walls can not survive high pressure
41
Why is bacteria growth effected by external solution
Bacteria gain or lose water due to osmosis
42
What happens is the external solution is higher
The bacteria cell dries and enzymes stop working
43
What happens if the external solution is less concentrated
Water enters cell but doesn't usually burst
44
What are the economic importance of bacteria
Used to convert milk to butter yogurt and cheese Used in production of vinegar, silage and pickles Modified bacteria can create insulin drugs enzymes amino acids vitamins and food flavourings and alcohol
45
What are disadvantages of bacteria
Cause food spoilage | Cause human, animal and plant harm
46
What are Bacteria that cause disease
Pathogenic bacteria
47
What are antibiotics
Chemicals produced by micro organisms that stop the growth/kill other organisms without harming human tissue
48
What aren't killed by antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance developed by mutations
49
Potential a sue of antibiotics
Overuse | Failure to complete treatment
50
Are bacteria cells eukaryotes or prokaryotes
Prokaryotes | Monera kingdom
51
What are growth curves used for in bacteria
Typical population of bacteria growing
52
What are the 5 phase
``` Lag phase (A) Log phase (B) Stationary phase (C) Decline phase (D) Survival phase (E) ```
53
What happens in lag phase a
Bacterial numbers remain constant Bacteria adapt to new environment E.g. May produce new enzymes to digest nutrients
54
What happens in log phase b
Bacterial numbers increase rapidly Maximum rate Bacteria rate is doubling Ideal conditions AKA EXPONENTIAL PHASE
55
What happens in stationary phase
No increase in bacterial numbers Death rate and production rate is equal Factors slow down due to lack of food, space, moisture, oxygen and there is a build up of toxic waste
56
What happens in decline phase
Also known as death phase | Bacteria numbers fall and death rate is greater
57
What happens in Survival phase e
Small amount of bacteria survives by remaining dormant as spores
58
What is batch culture
Growth of cells in a sealed container over a short period of time under deal conditions and all conditions are used up
59
What is single cell protein
Production of edible forms of protein
60
What stages are in batch culture
Lag phase Log phase stationary
61
Why is there no decline or survival stage in batch culture
There is very little product formed at this stage and there is a danger of the micro organisms bursting or unwanted side products
62
What Continuous flow
Food processing with the growth of cells in an open container where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid nd number of cells
63
What phase is continuous flow
Log

Biology (22 decks)

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