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9H Social Studies > Mongols > Flashcards

Mongols Flashcards

1
Q

Mongols —— many great postclassical empires

A

ended/interrupted

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2
Q

How was the world network affected by the Mongols?

A

Extended world network – foundation for interaction on global scale

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3
Q

How was the Mongols military power?

A

Forged mightiest war machine

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4
Q

Four khanates

A

After Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, his vast empire was divided into four main khanates: the Golden Horde (Russia and Eastern Europe), the Ilkhanate (Persia), the Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia), and the Yuan Dynasty (China).

Sons Divided

Ruled for 150 years

Last time nomadic peoples dominated sedentary peoples

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5
Q

Paradox of rule –

A

fierce fighters vs. tolerant/peaceful leaders**they really did tolerate
other faiths

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6
Q

The Mongol Empire was easy to organize before Chinggis Khan

True or False

A

False

Difficult to organize before Chinggis Khan

Divisions/rivalries

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7
Q

The nomadic world revolved around-

A

horse culture

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8
Q

Khan

A

astute political strategist/brilliant military commander

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9
Q

Horse culture-

A

Children ride from early age

Could even sleep/eat on horse

Animal power/seasonal migrations

Movable shelters

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10
Q

Mongol political organization-

A

Mongol society was kin and clan-based, with different tribes forming larger confederations when necessary, particularly for military campaigns or collective survival.

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11
Q

Gender balance in Mongol society-

A

Men dominated but women could influence tribes

Patriarchal meetings/home

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12
Q

Leadership qualities –

A

courage, alliance forging ability

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13
Q

Two events that lead to the following consensus of Chinggis Khan’s childhood.

A

Tough childhood

Born Temujin to tribal leader, but father poisoned

Imprisoned by rival clan, but escapes

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14
Q

What does Chinggis Khan do after escaping from a rivaling clan?

A

Makes alliance with another clan

Reputation as warrior/military commander attracted other clan chiefs

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15
Q

At a kuriltai meeting in 1206 –

A

Chinggis was named named khagan (extreme ruler)

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16
Q

What made Mongol fighters natural warriors?

A

trained from youth to ride/hunt

tough, mobile, accustomed to death

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17
Q

Mongol Weaponry

A

Variety of weapons – lances, hatchets, maces

Short bow the best – 400 yard range vs. 250 European

*Great technology”

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18
Q

Chinggis Khan’s leadership-

A

organization, discipline, unity

directed fighting spirit toward conquest

divided groups into tumens – think centurions of Rome

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19
Q

Messenger force –

A

Wore tight bandages to reduce fatigue, prevent injury, and provide support during long, strenuous rides.

Ride all day/night

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20
Q

What is an example of Mongol military discipline?

A

People were killed if they fled

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21
Q

What is an example of Mongol battle ethics?

A

Demonstrated generosity to brave opponents

This was a way to honor their courage, maintain a sense of honor, or even form alliances after conflict. It could involve giving gifts, offering safe passage, or showing respect for the valor shown in battle.

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22
Q

The Mongols had crappy maps

True or False

A

False

They utilized excellent maps

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23
Q

What new weapons did the Mongols come across? How?

A

New weapons – flaming arrows, gunpowder, siege weapons

Willing to adopt from conquered groups

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24
Q

The Mongol Empire Under Chinggis Khan ruled over ——- Mongols

A

½ million

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25
The mongols greatest pleasure was-
warfare For this society, warfare wasn’t just a necessity or duty—it was a source of pride, honor, and even personal enjoyment
26
The Mongols had fortified cities True or False
True
27
What were some of the Mongols siege weapons?
rams, catapults, exploding balls bamboo rockets
28
Mongols' strategy of using fear as a psychological weapon-
They offered enemies a choice: surrender peacefully or face ruthless consequences. Meant to terrify opponents into submission, effectively minimizing resistance by creating a reputation for terrifying retribution.
29
What was the "or else" in the Mongol's threat?
slaughtered/sold townspeople buildings turned to rubble *victims were forced to pay tribute*
30
Muhammad Shah II
Mongols defeated this Turkik ruler Turkik dude was to the west Leader sent back envoys with heads shaved (Mongols destroyed with authority)
31
Most famous Mongol battle tactic
Fight cavalry runs away other army follows heavy cavalry moves in *FAKE retreat was a great plan
32
Mongol imperium rulers were-
Astute and tolerant Open to new ideas Wanted diverse peoples to live together in peace
33
Were Mongols interested in arts and the learning of conquered people?
indeed
34
Karakorum
New capital at Karakorum (created by Ogedei) Wise and clever individuals from various cultures were welcomed as envoys
35
Which cultures did Mongols learn from?
Confucian scholars on how to rule China Muslims – engineers and trade Daoist holy men – elixir for immortality All religions tolerated*****
36
The Mongol script What is it?
Created as an effort to unify and formalize written communication across the empire Despite a largely illiterate population, this script was an important step toward promoting literacy and record-keeping
37
Effects of The Mongol Script
Peace to much of Asia Towns – handicraft production, scholarship, free expression Secure trade routes Force for major economic/social development
38
What events occured right before to Chinggis Khan's death?
He lead 180,000 warriors to conquer China But…got sick and died in 1227
39
What happened right after Chinggus Khan's death?
Empire divided among 3 sons and Batu grandson Carried back Khan’s body (Hunted/killed every animal/human in sight)
40
Ogedei
Ögedei Khan was the second ruler of the Mongol Empire. The third son of Genghis Khan, he continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun Not best warrior, but best diplomat
41
Golden Horde/Tartars
Assault on Russia side campaign Main goals 1. fine tune war machine 2. get some money from booty
42
Why was the Golden Horde able to take Russia?
Russia divided into small kingdoms – don’t unite Successful winter invasion- 1. Good for horse’s footing 2. Access over frozen rivers to enemies
43
When the Mongols went west, all in their way were slaughtered or led into slavery True or False
True
44
Under Mongol Control, Russia was in ------
Bondage Mongol Impact on Russia was mostly negative (2 ½ centuries of Russia in bondage)
45
Effects of Russia being in bondage
Peasantry have to give up crops i. Some flee to protection of ruling class – become serfs Some Russian towns make profits i. Increased trade ii. Moscow – trade, tribute collector Rulers made money and annexed other towns Tributes!!!
46
Battle of Kulikova
The first victory for Russian forces over the Tatars of the Mongol Golden Horde Turning point in Russia history
47
Effects of Battle of Kulikova-
Moscow grew Orthodox church intensifies control Changes in Russia’s military organization Princes realize need to centralize control
48
Why did princes was to centralize control?
Reduce limitations put on power by nobility, clergy, merch
49
Russia’s isolation from Christian lands (Benefit and Negative)
Benefit – Russia protected from invasion from Europe Negative – Cut off from key transformations in w. Europe
50
The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartland-
1258 – capture/destruction of Baghdad****destroyed the city 800,000 killed Abbasid caliph
51
Effects Mongol Assault on the Islam-
ended dynasty that had ruled since 8 th century left faith without central authority devastated focal points/trading centers of Islamic civilization
52
Which Muslim group was enslaved by the Mongols, but later rose and defeated them? How?
Mamluk Enslaved by Mongols – later defeated them With cooperation with Christians
53
Three effects of Mongol influence in China?
Administered very strictly Mongols retained distinct culture Opened China to influences from Persian lands/contacts with Europe
54
Kubliai Khan
Assumed title of great khan/Yuan Changed name of regime to Yuan – Yuan Dynasty*** Denied Chinese influence Worked with Chinese on some issues
55
Kubliai Khan surrounded himself with-
Chinese advisors – Confucian, Buddhist, Daoist
56
Yuan Dynasty Capital
Capital at Tatu – Beijing
57
Kubliai Khan did not introduce rituals and classic music into court True or False
False Kubliai Khan did introduce rituals and classic music into court
58
New social structure in Yuan Dynasty-
put Mongols on top 1. Mongols 2. Nomadic/Muslim allies 3. North Chinese 4. Ethnic Chinese/peoples from South
59
Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture: Women-
Refused to adopt footbinding***** Women retained property rights Destroyed vision of women as dainty, to be protected Chabi – wife*** she was well respected Rode to hunt
60
What'd Chabi do?
promoted Buddhist interests reduced harsh treatment of Song captured didn’t convert nearby farmland to pastureland
61
How did the Mongols open up China?
Curiosity/cosmopolitan tastes – opened China up Brought scholars, artists, artisans Muslims second social class
62
Examples of the Mongols welcoming travelers-
Polo family from Venice – Marco Polo Marco Polo’s travel log created extreme interest in Asia**** Inspired European efforts in navigation
63
Alteration of social hierarchy in Mongol Chinese interlude-
Prevented scholar-gentry from taking positions – got rid of test Bolstered position of artisans*** Merchants also prospered**** (Mongols created war fleets/navies) Help for peasants
64
How were cities impacted in the Mongol Chinese interlude-
Cities/sedentary lifestyles flourished – ironic
65
How were peasants helped in the Mongol Chinese interlude?
Doesn’t turn cropland into pasture land Reduces taxes Plan to establish elementary education – never goes through
66
Mongol aura of invincibility falters-
Lost to military lords of Japan Song loyalists raised revolts in South Frustrated/unsuccessful expeditions to Java/Vietnam
67
Softening of the ruling class-
Stop taking care of day to day work Allowed corrupt Chinese/Muslims to run finances
68
Which group encouraged revolts against the Yuan?
Scholar-gentry encouraged revolts
69
How was piracy effected during the fall of the Yuan?
Banditry/piracy increases – can’t guarantee safety
70
Famine hit many regions in the fall of the Yuan Ture or False
True
71
Who started the Ming Dynasty?
Man from poor peasant family – Ju Yuanzhang starts Ming dynasty*** Conquered the Mongols and kicked them out of China
72
Fall of Yuan Aftershock-
The Brief Ride of Timur***he was Turkish
73
Timur-I Lang
Timur the Lame*** Brought NO benefits…only destruction Highly cultured person Ruthless conqueror – atrocities – pyramid of skulls – tens thousands (Spared artisans/scientists to help build capital) Upon death, empire falls apart Last great challenge from nomads
74
Lasting changes of Mongols-
new ways of making war (gunpowder) Facilitated trade 1. unprecedented trade of foods, tools, ideas brought great wealth to traders – think Venice Created urge for overseas expansion
75
Greatest impact of Mongols –
plagues***the trade network accidently led to the plague spreading Fleas on livestock Rats on ships that nibbled grain Economic/social impact – 50% of some regions Forced adjustments/change in economic/social roles to deal with

9H Social Studies (13 decks)

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