Greece Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
The Minoan Civilization laid-
A
the groundwork for later Greek civilizations.
2
Q
The Minoans were-
A
ancient, native people of the island of Crete
3
Q
The Minoan Civilization was named after-
A
after King Minos
4
Q
The Minoans were great ——-, not ——-
A
traders/warriors
(eventually bad for their civilization)
5
Q
Location helped the Minoans-
A
make contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia
learn new things
6
Q
Palace at Knossos
A
Important elaborate place of the rulers
Art showed that women had more status than in other parts of the world
7
Q
Minoan Civilization disappears
A
Volcanoes, earthquake
Invaders- Mycenaeans, took over Minoans
Aryans conquering Dravidians in India = the Mycenaeans conquering the Minoans
8
Q
Mycenaeans were-
A
Indo-European invaders, conquered Greece and Crete
9
Q
Mycenaeans were NOT sea traders
True or False
A
False
they were sea traders
10
Q
How did the Mycenaeans live?
A
They lived in city-states
Each city-state had a large wall to protect the rulers home
11
Q
Conflict between Mycenaeans and Troy (a trading city in present day Turkey)-
A
Trojan War
12
Q
Why was the Trojan war fought?
A
Troy controlled the Straits that connected the Black Sea into the Mediterranean Sea
These straits, the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, made them a lot of money through trade
Therefore, Trojan War was probably over economics (control of the strait), not love
13
Q
Many people thought the Trojan War was a legend, but then-
A
Later discoveries proved there was a war (Heinrich Schliemann found evidence)
14
Q
The Mycenaeans were ———– and ———–, similar to China.
A
ethnocentric/xenophobic
*However, they did not see other city states as foreign and while they fought among each other they still were part of the same “race”
15
Q
The age of Homer was a-
A
dark age
16
Q
Overview of The Age of Homer Dark Age-
A
Many records were destroyed due to wars and invaders. People lost many of the skills they had.
Verbal traditions
Epics
1. The Iliad is our chief source of info about the Trojan War
17
Q
Verbal traditions in The Age of Homer
A
Most of the knowledge we have came from poems like the Iliad and the Odyssey
Homer was a blind, wandering poet (750 BC) (did not write the poems down, just told them)
18
Q
Who brought the Dark Age to Greece? What did this lead to intellectually for Greece?
A
Dorians brought the Dark ages into Greece, attacking for a long time
made them have to stop working because they needed to fight, halted cultural and intellectual progress
The Dorian invasion eventually failed
19
Q
Geographically, Greece is an-
A
archipelago
a bunch of islands that make up a country or a state
20
Q
Mountains and Valleys in Greece-
A
Greece is part of the Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe
Mountains divided the land into distinct regions
21
Q
The mountains dividing the land into distinct regions in Greece lead to what?
A
This caused them to be decentralized (not one big empire), with many different city-states
22
Q
pros and cons of being decentralized-
A
Good:
Communication may have been easier if restricted to a small land area
Healthy competition may have furthered technological advancements
Bad:
Would fight with each other often
if a city state was attacked others would often leave it to be invaded
23
Q
What did the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas provide?
A
Mediterranean and Aegean Seas were the things that could provide a link to the outside
In this case, the seas surrounding Greece acted not as barriers but as highways, linking Greece with the outside world (trade)
24
Q
What was the soil like in Greece? What was the result?
A
River sucked, soil sucked, Greece was instead a crossroad for trade
25
Greece had a(n) ------- coastline. What this good or bad? Why?
irregular (jagged)
this is very good because it created natural harbors
This allowed boats to be safer, good for trade
26
What did greek city-states trade?
goods and ideas
*Although greece was decentralized and city states would fight with each other, they absolutely traded with each other for the money🤑
27
The Polis=
The City
28
Basic city-state layout
A city-state is a walled city surrounded by an area of farmland it owns.
Most people live in the farm and will take shelter in the city when being attacked, during especially bad attacks people would seek higher ground in the Acropolis.
29
Greek city-state layout
Most people live in the farm and will take shelter in the city when being attacked, during especially bad attacks people would seek higher ground in the Acropolis.
The Acropolis (high city) with statues dedicated to gods
On flatter ground was the main walled city
The city was small, so each member felt responsible for successes and defeats
30
What was the purpose of the Acropolis?
(high city) with statues dedicated to gods
This was where the most religious rituals happened
1. The best example of an acropolis is the Parthenon in Athens
2. It is dedicated to Athena
3. still standing today
31
In ancient greece, early government was-
different across different city states
32
Different forms of early government in ancient greece?
Monarchy- rule by a king
Aristocracy- rule by a landholding elite (The aristocrats would create armies and overthrow the monarchy)
Oligarchy- power in hands of business class (modern day Russia)
Democracy - a government for the people and by the people (It's just Athens though in ancient greece)
33
Pros and cons of Monarchy (do not need to memorize, but a general understanding is very useful)
Pros
Quick and efficient decision-making
No bias
Cons
Limited Representation/people have almost no say
Prone to corruption
Inexperienced rulers can easily be present through hereditary rule
34
Pros and cons of Aristocracy (do not need to memorize, but a general understanding is very useful)
Pros
Fast decision making
Somewhat reliant on citizens (working the land)
Run by a well educated group of people
Good for rich people
Cons
Corruption
People have almost no say
Extremely hard to switch social classes
35
Pros and cons of Oligarchy (do not need to memorize, but a general understanding is very useful)
Pros
The wealthy, who know how to make money, rule and make money for the state
Mostly well-educated people rule
Strong military
Rich people profit
Cons
People have almost no say
Lack of understanding
People who rule politically also control a lot financially
*People with liquidity basically are all powerful
Your assets don’t count
36
Pros and cons of Democracy (do not need to memorize, but a general understanding is very useful)
Pros
Many minds, many ideas
Freedom to pursue goals
In theory everyone’s voice is heard
May contain checks & balances
Cons
Infighting can happen
Uneducated “idiots” have a say
Decision-making can be very slow
37
What was the result of Iron metallurgy being mastered?
Bronze was an expensive metal, and therefore was only accessible by the wealthy – only the wealthy had weapons, so peasants had less power. When iron was introduced (iron was much cheaper), peasants suddenly had access to weapons, making them a notable force. In this way, having iron moved toward democracy - the advent of iron metallurgy had a political effect.
650 BC
38
Phalanx -
Massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
This reduced class barriers (moved toward democracy) because all men would join - everyone needs each other
39
Spartan Government
Brutal system of government to control people
Government had 2 kings and advisors
Assembly of all citizens approved decisions
40
Who was really in charge in Sparta?
5 ephors were men in the assembly with the real power (this is an oligarchy)
41
What were the requirements to be a Spartan citizen-
Citizens were all males 30 years or older
42
Summarize the life path of a man in Sparta-
Children trained to be in the army
Age of 7, males entered the barracks and began to train for special warrior skills (They were treated brutally to make them hardened soldiers)
Men would marry at 20, but live in the barracks for another 10 years
Eventually they would become part of the assembly
43
Why were women also very physically fit in Sparta?
They thought a fit women would bear healthy babies
44
Women in Sparta-
Women were very physically fit
They were expected to have 3 sons for the army
Women did have some rights, but were expected to obey fathers and husbands
45
Spartans were ------- from all other Greeks
isolated
46
How did the Spartans view trade and wealth?
They looked down upon it
47
What lead to Sparta's downfall?
In the long run, their own choices and stupidity
48
Sparta is located on the ---------
Peloponnesus (southern portion of Greece)
49
Messenians were-
Inhabitants on the Peloponnesus before the Spartans
50
Sparta conquered the ---------
Messenians (The Messenians were living there before)
51
Sparta made the Messenians ----- and called them ------
slaves/Helots
52
What was the ratio of Helots to Spartans?
What was the result of this ratio?
There were many more Helots than Spartans (7-1 ratio). OUTNUMBERED
The Helots eventually orchestrated an uprising against the Spartans and almost won. CLOSE CALL
This scared the Spartans, who became brutal and extremely warlike to completely oppress the Helots. SCARED
53
The Spartans are often viewed as brutal and terrifying, when in Mr. kelly's words-
the Spartans, for all their reputation of brutality, were actually just scared of being overthrown by the Helots.
54
What was the major governmental change in Athens from the rest of Greece?
What lead to this?
Democracy - government by the people and for the people
Too much power in the hands of the wealthy
Soldiers, merchants, trailers want a say in government
55
What kind of Democracy did Athens have?
Athens’ democracy was a direct democracy - the people gathered and voted directly on problems such as whether or not to go to war
56
Who were the leaders of Athens?
There were 9 Archons - these were the parallels to Ephors of Sparta
57
The most influential Archon we are learning about is-
Solon
58
Solon made several reforms:
Outlawed debt slavery
Allowed more people to be involved in govt.
Boosted exports (wine, olive oil)
59
In Athens, many tyrants-
claimed power
(A tyrant is only someone who claims power by force, nothing else)
60
What was debt slavery in Athens?
a citizen incapable of paying his debts became "enslaved" to the creditor.
61
Pisistratus-
Pronounced pie-SIS-trat-uhs
a good tyrant, claimed power and helped the poor & farmers
The poor likely loved him
62
Cleisthenes
a good tyrant, created the Council of 500 (to prepare laws/supervies)
The members of the Council of 500 were chosen by lot (random)
He also made the assembly a legislature
63
What was a pro and con of the members of the Council of 500 being chosen by lot (lottery)
Pro: This ideally represents the entire population, with people from all walks of life
Con: People with no experience and knowledge will have power
64
Limited Rights in Athens-
Only males could vote
Slaves had no rights at all
Foreign born citizens could not vote.
Women did not participate in Govt.
(They stayed home, cared for children)
65
Education in Athens
Boys attended school if they had money
They were well versed in many arts, public speaking, which was emphasized in grecian society
There was military training, physical fitness
66
Was public speaking important in Athens?
Why or why not?
Public speaking was very important in Athens
People needed to be able to speak to and convince a large number of people (council of 500, and maybe 5,000 onlookers).
67
Despite being decentralized, how was ancient
Greece unified?
The different city-states had things in common
Same language, same heroes, Olympics
Same Religion
68
Greeks felt superior to all non Greeks and
thought everyone else was barbaric, therefore-
they were xenophobic
69
What were the similarities in religion across different greek city-states?
Polytheistic – gods lived on Mt. Olympus
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Aphrodite, Ares, Athena
They consulted priests, oracles
Greeks felt superior to all non Greeks and
thought everyone else was barbaric
70
What were the requirements for attending school in Athens?
Boys attended school if they had money
71
Who was the leader of Persia during the first expansion campaign into Greece?
What was the symbol of power transfer he required from each city-state?
Darius of Persia
Darius only requested a tiny amount of dirt and water from every conquered city-state. This showed that the Persians completely owned the city-states.
72
Which city-states denied Persia's antics?
Athens & Sparta would not (they were strong city-states)
73
How did Athens and Sparta rebel against Persia?
Athens sent resources to other parts of Greece that was under Persian rule
Darius hated Athens vehemently due to its defiance
Both Sparta and Athens publicly defied Darius’ rule, actions such as imprisoning Darius’ messengers were the spark to the Persian Wars.
74
Results of each battle:
Battle of Marathon
Battle of Thermopylae
Battle of Salamis
Greek victory
Persian victory
Greek victory
75
Describe the movement of Darius's troops in preparation for the battle of Marathom-
Marathon was a place where Darius sent this troops, preparing to attack Athens (490 BC)
He decided to land his ships at Marathon (north of Athens), prepare his troops, and march to Athens, thus having time to prepare his troops
The Athenians met the spartans at Marathon
76
Why was the battle of Marathon such an upset?
Persians had twice as many men, but still lost
77
The story of the dude that ran the first Marathon (his name is not important in any sense)
Everyone in Athens thought they would lose at Marathon, and prepared to surrender
After they won the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians sent a runner to get to Athens as fast as possible and tell the city they had not lost and not to surrender.
As the story goes, he ran 26.2 miles (the distance between Marathon and Athens), named a Marathon, told the Athenians, and died.
78
What did the Athenians do after the Battle of Marathon?
The athenians built a fleet & other defenses to get ready for the next attack
79
Battle of Thermopylae
Persian victory
The Persians were fought in a narrow pass to give advantage to the Greeks (They were able to fight with only a few other Persians at a time at the narrow point)
The 300 best Spartans told all the other Greeks to leave in order to prepare for the Persian invasion.
This worked until the Persians found a way around the choke point and killed the Spartans.
80
Xerxes of Persia and his renewed attacks-
(Darius's son)
Wanted revenge on Athens since his dad got so cooked by a couple city-states
Also hates Athens (it's in their blood)
Larger Persian forces attacked Athens and other city-states who had joined to help
The Athenians, knowing they had no chance against the huge Persian army, left their city and devised a plot
81
Battle of Salamis
The final battle (Greek victory)
The Persians made it to Athens & found the city empty, except for a few abandoned citizens
After flattening the city, they pursued the Athenian fleet into a narrow strait and then turned around.
Athenians trapped and sank the Persian fleet.
82
What was Sparta's result of the Persian war?
The following year, the Spartans won on land.
83
Compare the Athenians military strength to the Spartan's
Athenians were the whales, and Spartans, the elephant.
Water sweats - Land sweats
84
Although Athens was destroyed after teh Persian Wars,-
it was soon rebuilt and became the strongest city-state.
85
Delian League
To protect themselves from the Persians, Athens created the Delian League.
They coerced other city-states to join and Athens dominated the league
(Most, if not all funds were pocketed for Athenians in the course of reconstruction)
86
Most of what we know from this period came from-
the Greek historian Herodotus
87
Who wrote about the Persian wars?
Herodotus
He was very biased towards Greece; and thus many “facts” are exaggerated.
88
Political life in Athens under Pericles (Greek politician and general)-
All men should be able to be part of the government
He paid salaries to men in public office
Direct Democracy- Citizens (males) take part in the day to day affairs of a country
89
Direct Democracy is in contrast to-
an indirect/representative democracy or a republic, in which people are elected to make decisions (our government)
90
To orate means-
to speak
91
Pericles' Funeral Oration-
Thucydides recorded a speech given by Pericles
The Funeral Oration speech was an incredibly important speech about what soldiers were fighting and dying for: democracy.
Happened at a funeral in response to confused and angered families.
It shows Pericles’ views on democracy
92
What were Pericles’ views on democracy?
“We regard a man who takes no interest in politics, not as harmless, but as useless”
Simply, the man who does not speak is not only useless, but even sometimes harmful.
93
Who was a more trustworthy historian? Thucydides or Herodotus?
Thucydides was a much more reliable historian than Herodotus (Trust Thucydides)
94
Economic/cultural life under Pericles-
Athens became the cultural center of Greece
They made many advances in math, the arts, science, etc.
95
What was the Peloponnesian league?
Sparta formed the Peloponnesian league in response to the alliance system Athens had
Sparta misinterpreted the Athenian’s fear of asking them as exclusion, and thus formed the league.
Sparta also asked city-states to join and accepted rejection, rather than force and threaten city-states as Athens did.
96
How did the Athenian navy impact the Peloponnesian War?
Sparta was located too far inward for Athens to attack by sea, thus their navy was ineffective.
97
Which side in the Peloponnesian War marched to the other to attack? What was the result?
Sparta eventually marched north to Athens and the Athenians all came to the city for safety
Sparta could not defeat the wall defense of Athens, so they lay siege on the city
98
What was the effect of Sparta's siege on Athens?
Most of Athen’s food and water supplies were outside the city.
Starvation hits, and a third of the population dies
99
What play did Sparta make to finish off Athens?
Sparta allied itself with Persia and eventually beat Athens (Athens was still able to get some supplies from the ocean during the siege, so Sparta wanted the Persians to handle that aspect with their killer navy)
Athens lost it’s fleet and empire
Persia took the boats, Sparta took nothing, just the dub!
100
Aftermath of the Peloponnesian War
Athens rebuilt itself but it was never like it once was
Sparta lost to another city-state—Thebes
A new power was growing in the north—Macedonia
101
What are Philosophers?
Lovers of Wisdom (-aphilio, love—sopher, wise)
They researched all subjects possible
This is because thought that they could use reason/logic to solve any problems
List of philosophers from mentor to student- (SPAA) Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great
102
Sophists -
a think tank that questioned ideas of truth & justice
They questioned everything
Trained students in rhetoric, the art of skillful speaking
Many of the older people hated the sophists
103
Two quotes by Socrates that capture his overall belief-
“The unexamined life is not worth living”
“Know thyself”
(basically, knowledge is found through questioning and understand your interests and preferences by questioning yourself to know yourself)
104
Plato was a student of-
Socrates
105
Difference between Socrates and Sophists?
Unlike sophists, Socrates asked questions for the purpose of learning, not winning.
Socrates knew when to stop questioning
Socrates did not like the Sophists due to their lack of respect for authority.
106
Socrates was a threat to the-
old order (old people hated him as well as sophists)
107
Socrates used a ----- of questioning to find the truth & help others seek knowledge
method (Socratic Method)
108
Trial and execution of Socrates-
He was accused of corrupting youth
He was tried and found guilty
He was forced to drink hemlock, a poison
109
Three memorable aspects of the death of Socrates were that-
Socrates had the option to run away, but chose to drink the poison
Poison took hours to kill, but Socrates took it and continued teaching
He did this because he stuck to his morals, and since he vehemently harped on adhering to authorities word, he did not want to contradict himself, and drank the poison.
110
Plato after the death of his homie, Socrates-
Plato returned to Athens after 10 years of coping
He set up a school called The Academy
He stressed logic/reason to solve problems & to answer difficult questions a
He wrote The Republic
111
Was Greece secular or non-secular?
Greece was secular
Greeks did not give us religion and “religion wasn’t their top thing”
112
What were four main components of Plato's The Republic?
He rejected Athenian democracy (This is due to the democracy killing his teacher)
He thought the State should manage people's lives in every aspect
He believed that a Republic would be the best type of government
He divided people into three groups
1. Workers
2. Soldiers
3. Philosophers
113
What were the roles of each part of the hierarchy in Plato's The Republic?
Why did Plato put philosophers on the top?
Workers - to create (creo)
Soldiers - to protect (protego)
Philosophers - to rule (imperium)
He decided this because philosophers were very educated, and would ideally make the right decisions
114
Greece was ----------- towards merchants
ambivalent (indifferent)
115
What did Plato think about women in the government?
He thought some women could take part in the government.
Very progressive for the time
116
Who was Aristotle's teacher?
Plato
117
Who was the smartest of the philosopher's in SPAA?
Aristotle
118
Did Aristotle study a few or many types of government?
He studied many types of government
119
What Aristotle's favorite form of government?
He found that one virtuous ruler would be the best one to have → supported monarchy
120
Which Indian monarch would Aristotle have loved? Why?
Would’ve loved Asoka
Thought people should have good morals, enforced the idea of a good monarchy. Ashoka checked these boxes and was awesome.
121
Aristotle set up a school called the -------
He wrote books on-
Lyceum
almost every subject
122
Who was Phillip II of Macedonia? Where was he born?
Ruler of Macedonia (359 BC)
Born in Thebes
123
Who took Control of Greek city-states (338 BC)?
What was the battle that gave this person full control of Greece?
Phillip II of Macedonia
Battle of Chaeronea - This was the battle that gave Phillip full control of Greece
124
How did Phillip II of Macedonia die?
Murdered by his good friends at his daughter’s wedding feast
125
Who filled in Phillip II of Macedonia's spot after he was murdered?
Alexander the Great became the next ruler
126
Define primogeniture
the state of being the firstborn of the children of the same parents
preference in inheritance that is given by law, custom, or usage to the eldest son and his issue
127
What was different about Alexander the Great's rise to power?
Alexander was not the first-born son (who usually gets the crown) but his mother convinced people and spoke her way into making Alexander king
128
What did Alexander the Great do after he became king to his family?
After he became king, he started killing his brothers – they likely would have tried to kill him
129
Alexander the Great attacked ----, which his dad failed to.
Persia
He finally crossed the Dardanelles- 334 BC
1. Strait that separates Europe from Asia minor
Persia was 2000 miles
He further conquered all of the “Middle East”
130
Darius III was a ------- ruler
horrible
131
How did Darius III suck?
Left his mom and daughter in a battlefield after inviting them to watch his men win (his men lost).
When Alexander the Great found them he adopted them and treated them like queens.
His own satraps stabbed him, causing him to die.
132
Who did Alexander the Great attack after Persia?
He attacked northern India next
133
Alexander the Great's troops were exhausted in India and stopped at the-
Indus River
134
What terrified Alexander the Great's troops in India to where they quit?
They faced soldiers on elephants
Giant war elephants scared Alexander's army
135
What was the result of Alexander the Great's troops being terrified of elephants and refusing to fight?
He returned home to plan a new attack
A bright decision, it allowed for the soldiers' rest, and muffled any dissent.
136
What killed Alexander the Great
A fever
137
How many heirs did Alexander the Great have?
What happened because of this?
None
Dying without heirs meant there was no clear successor to his huge empire – people fought over control of the empire, and it fragmented.
To make it worse, he said on his death bed that the next leader should be "the strongest" general.
138
How long did it take Alexander the Great to conquer the territory he did?
13 years
139
Alexander the Great's empire was divided by-
3 generals after years of disorder
140
Ptolemy
One of the 3 generals that rose to power in replacement of Alexander the Great.
Took over Egypt—lead to Cleopatra later
141
Alexander's Legacy was what?
The spread of Greek culture
142
How did Alexander the Great blend cultures?
His army spread Greek traditions across his empire
The conquered people absorbed Greek ideas and his people adopted many local customs
143
Who did Alexander the Great marry?
Why?
He, after being unable to conquer Afghani Persia, married a Persian woman
144
Hellenistic Civilization
Alexander the Great, by conquering, blended Persian, Greek, Indian, Egyptian cultures, called a Hellenistic Civilization
145
Alexandria
The main city in Egypt
More than 1 million people
A great museum was built here
146
What was the Alexandrian Lighthouse?
Under Herodotus’ list of wonders, along with The Hanging Gardens and the Pyramids of Giza (7 Wonders of the World)
147
Women in Alexander's Empire-
Had much more freedom
Many were educated & some had important jobs.
148
Stoicism
Founded by Zeno
Avoid desires & disappointments
Accept what life brings you, calmly
149
What does it mean to be stoic?
Means to be mentally fortitudinous.
Also means to be stable, not overly emotional.
150
Epicureanism
Founded by Epicurus
A philosophy based around the idea of following what makes one happy
The belief posited before the ideology was that humans would naturally follow the “Good Happiness,” (ie, happiness comes from moderation, simplicity, friendship, and community) which was morally right.
It was bastardized.
151
Pythagoras and Euclid are forefathers of-
modern geometry
152
Aristarchus discovered–
Earth rotated around the sun
153
Archimedes was an–
incredible physician
use of levers/pulley (move big objects)
154
Hippocrates is known for–
turning away from divine notions of medicine and using observation of the body as a basis for medical knowledge, that can be see in the modern West.
155
"This war was brought about by a Greek revolt that was put down". What war was this?
The Persian Wars
156
What was a weakening factor for Persia during the Persian Wars?
Outside invasions.
157
Greeks produced ---- ---- political structures than China or Persia
less tidy
158
What did Greeks call outsiders? Why?
Greeks thought outsiders speech sounded like, “bar, bar, bar” so they called them barbarians
159
Greece spread in many different aspects of society across continents, influencing many areas of modern day civilization.
True or False
True
160
Greek culture in history is considered to be part of ---------- past as well
America's
161
America has adopted many ideas about civilization including architecture from the Greeks (building design)
True or False
True
162
thought of as the founders of our philosophical tradition
Plato and Aristotle
163
Greece had similar artistic and economic styles to the ------- who took over the mediterranean area after the Greeks declined.
Romans
164
Did Greece specialize in scientific thought?
Most Definitely
165
Overview of the Persian Empire-
In 550 BCE Cyrus the Great a great conqueror emerged and established the Persian empire which ran across the northern middle east and into India
Successor of Mesopotamia, some traditions preserved such as cuneiform
Made many important changes including advancements in iron technology and territorial expansion
Established an empire with significant traditions that shaped political and cultural presence of Persia
166
Patterns of Greek and Roman History:
Island of Crete showed the results of Egyptian influence by 2000 BCE
Early kingdom developed in 1400 BCE around the city of Mycenae
Mycenae memorialized in Homer’s Epics and the Trojan war later
167
Where does the word politics originate from?
word polis which suggests that intense political interests were part of city-states in Rome and Greece
168
What was a political way that Greece was unlike China?
Unlike China, because Greece never had a single set of political institutions
169
Origin of the word tyranny-
Rule by individual strongmen common, this is the origin of the word tyranny
170
Democracy, word is derived from the Greek word-
Demos meaning “the people”
171
Most preferred governmental system in city-states was-
Aristocracy
the word aristocracy comes from the Greek terms meaning “rule of the best”, aristocratic assemblies present in many city-states
172
Greco-Roman religion derived from a belief in-
spirits of nature into a set of gods/goddesses that supposedly regulated human life
Though the objects of worship were very similar, they had different names
173
In what ways did the greeks rely on the Gods?
Regular ceremonies to the gods held political importance
Many people sought out the god’s aid in foretelling the future or ensuring good harvest or good health
Greeks were ethnocentric (thought they were better than everyone else)
174
Religious Values in Greece:
Doings of the gods made for good storytelling, created a an important literary tradition
The Greeks/Romans more interested in their gods in terms of what they do for and reveal about mankind
Lack of spirituality made this religion less appealing to the lower classes
Also left upper class people dissatisfied bc of a lack of inquiry on nature and society
175
Greek philosophy issued by Aristotle and Cicero →
separate moral philosophy from central religion: Stressed importance of moderation and balance in human behavior
176
Plato: understand three forms →
True, Good, Beautiful
177
Comparison between science and art/literature in Greek philosophy-
Art and literature far more important than math and science, Religion inspires artistic creation in temples, and statues, and poets and playwrights used the gods as foils for inquiries about the human conditions
178
Non-realistic depiction of human form in Greek art
True or False
False
Emphasis on architecture, heroic/realistic statues made as tradition
179
Early Greek poets included a woman author named-
Sappho
180
Sophocles
insightfully portrayed the psychological flaws of his hero oedipus that modern times used the term oedipus complex to refer to a potentially unhealthy relationship, these plays were not just for upper class
181
Were rituals, in all aspects of society, a prevalent part of Greek society?
Yes
182
What lead to feudalism further on in Greece?
Tendency for large landowners to squeeze these farmers into becoming a lower class tenants or laborers
183
What caused Rome's decline later on?
Dependence on large landowners
Lots of tension from farmers trying to get out of debt and keep independence
