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Monitoring Anesthesia Flashcards

0
Q

Values that reflect Oxygenation

A

Mucous Membrane Color
Hemoglobin Saturation
Measurement of Arterial Blood O2

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1
Q

Values that reflect Circulation

A 
HR
Heart Rythym
Pulse Strength
CRT
Mucous Membrane Color
Blood Pressure
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2
Q

Values that reflect Ventilation

A 
RR
Respiratory Depth
Breath Sounds
Expired CO2 Levels
Measurement of Arterial CO2
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3
Q

The most important tools for monitoring are?

A

Your hands, eyes, and ears

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4
Q

Only rely on machines for this

A

Values that you cannot get on your own (Blood Pressure, ECG, SPO2)

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5
Q

Appropriate ❤rate for dogs under anesthesia

A

Large: 60-140 bpm
Small: 70-160 bpm

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6
Q

Appropriate ❤rates for cats under anesthesia

A

120-180 bpm

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7
Q

What is an Esophageal Stethescope used for?

A

Listen for a heartbeat

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8
Q

What does a CRT measure?

A

Tissue perfusion

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9
Q

If a CRT is longer than this, it means that tissue perfusion is not adequate

A

2 seconds

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10
Q

What can pale mucous membranes indicate?

A

Blood loss
Anemia
Poor perfusion

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11
Q

Cyanosis

A

Purple or blue discoloration MM

Emergency!

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12
Q

Icterus

A

Yellow MM discoloration

May indicate severe liver disease or hemolysis

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13
Q

Where can you take a pulse?

A

Lingual, femoral, metacarpal/metatarsal, and dorsal pedal arteries

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14
Q

Pulse strength should be ?

A

Strong and match the heart beat

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15
Q

Weak pulses may indicate this

A

Hypotension

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16
Q

Causes of weak pulses

A

Excessive anesthetic depth, cardiac insufficiency, excessive blood loss

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17
Q

One soaked 3x3 gauze equals this much blood

A

5-6ml of blood

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18
Q

One soaked 4x4 gauze equals this much blood

A

10ml of blood

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19
Q

A healthy animal can tolerate this much of blood loss during sx

A

13ml/kg blood loss

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20
Q

Anesthetic agents are expected to reduce this volume

A

Tidal volume

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21
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inhaled with each breath

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22
Q

Tidal volume rate

A

10-15 ml/kg

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23
Q

How can respiration rate be evaluated?

A

By watching the patient’s chest or the reservoir bag on the anesthetic machine

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24
What is "Bagging the Patient"
The process of manual ventilation (gently squeezing the reservoir bag forcing O2/gas into the patient's lungs)
25
Bagging the Patient can be used for this
⬆ Anesthetic depth ⬆ Respiratory rate To reverse atelectasis
26
Atelectasis
The collapse of alveoli | One lung collapse due to trach tube too far down
27
Hyperventilation
Increase in respiratory depth
28
Tachypnea
Increase in respiratory rate
29
Causes of hyperventilation and/or tachypnea
⬆ CO2 in the blood Underlying pulmonary disease Surgical stimulation ⬇ In anesthetic depth (animals too light)
30
You should not hear this when evaluating breath sounds
Crackles or wheezes
31
One of the most common complications of anesthesia
Hypothermia
32
The greatest decrease in body temperature is within this time of anesthesia
The first 20 min
33
Methods to avoid hypothermia
``` Circulating warm water heating pads IV fluid line warmer Hot water bags/rice socks Saran Wrap/bubble wrap Bair hugger Warm towels Heated surgery table Baby booties on the paws ```
34
What does ECG measure?
The electrical activity of the heart
35
Electromechanical dissociation
EKG continues even if your patient's heart is not contracting
36
Sinus Tachycardia is diagnosed when a patient's HR under anesthesia is this
>200 bpm in CAT >180 bpm in SM DOG >160 bpm in LG DOG
37
Causes of Sinus Tachycardia
``` Drug related (atropine, ketamine) Response to surgical stimulation Early hypoxia, hypotension Pre-existing conditions of the heart, thyroid Emergency treatment ```
38
Applying pressure here can stimulate this
Vagal activity
39
Sinus Bradycardia is diagnosed when a patient's ❤rate under anesthesia is this
<100 bpm in a CAT
40
Causes of Sinus Bradycardia
Can be drug related (Xylazine, Dexamedetomadine, Opioids) ⬆ Anesthetic depth Hypothermia
41
Treatment for Sinus Bradycardia
Can give reversal agents or Atropine
42
What are AV ❤blocks?
Electrical impulse through the heart is not being transmitted efficiently
43
1st degree AV ❤block
There is a P wave for every QRS complex , but the P-QRS interval is prolonged
44
2nd degree AV ❤block
Some P waves are not followed by QRS complexes
45
3rd degree AV ❤block
The atria and ventricles are contracting independently. No normal relationship between P waves and QRS complexes
46
2nd and 3rd degree blocks can be seen after administration of this
Alpha-2-agonist
47
VPC
Ventricular Premature Contractions Impulse arising from the ventricular muscle causing an uncoordinated heart contraction
48
How do QRS complexes appear with VPCs?
Wide and bizarre
49
VPCs can be caused by?
Hypoxia | ❤ Disease or Trauma
50
Release of this can stimulate the formation of VPCs?
Epinephrine release
51
What can forcibly restraining an animal during the induction of anesthesia cause?
VPCs
53
Is Ventricular Tachycardia and emergency?
YES!
54
What can Ventricular Tachycardia be treated with?
Lidocaine given IV
55
Fibrillation
Contraction of small muscle bundles within the atria or ventricles
56
The 2 types of Fibrillation
Atrial Fibrillation and Ventricular Fibrillation
57
Atrial Fibrillation
No P-waves High HR Normal QRS complexes
58
Ventricular Fibrillation
Absence of QRS complexes
59
Cardiac arrest is imminent with this fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation
60
Systolic Pressure
The contraction of the ventricles as it propels blood through the aorta m, pulmonary artery, and other major arteries
61
Diastolic pressure
The pressure that remains when the heart is resting between contractions
62
MAP
Mean Arterial Pressure Best indicator of organ perfusion under anesthesia
78
What is Ventricular Tachycardia
More than 3 VPCs in a row, more than 15 in one min, or VPCs + falling blood pressure

Anesthesia&Surgery (13 decks)

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