Mood Disorders Flashcards

Question

What are the psychological therapies for depression?

Answer 1

Psychodynamic Therapies Cognitive and Behaviour Therapies Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Answer 2

Person’s affect and behavior are largely determined by the way in which they view the world. Cognitions can be assessed and changed. Modification of cognitions will lead to changes in affect and behavior Aimed at altering maladaptive thought patterns Change opinions of events and self Behavioural assignments

Answer 3

Overgeneralization: Arbitrary inference Depressed persons draw negative conclusions about their self-worth, based on minimal data Selective abstraction: Depressed person focuses on isolated negative details of an event and ignores more positive information All-or-none thinking: Everything is good or bad Magnification and Minimization: Exaggerations in evaluating performance

Answer 4

Step 1: Recognize and record automatic thoughts Daily monitoring of thoughts, situations, emotions Step 2: Logical analysis of automatic thoughts Is there any evidence that supports the thought? Is there any evidence that goes against it? If the negative thought is accurate, what can be done to best cope with it? Step 3: Generate alternative, rational thoughts What is another way to think about situation? Step 4: Practice alternative thoughts

Answer 5

An emotional state of intense but unfounded emotions accompanied by elevated, expansive or irritable mood At least 3 of the following: Hyperactivity Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity Decreased need for sleep Pressured speech (talkativeness) Racing thoughts (flight of ideas) Distractibility Increase in goal-directed activities (impractical grandiose plans) Psychomotor agitation Excessive risky or pleasurable activities Symptoms last for at least 1 week Severe enough to cause significant impairment in functioning or hospitalization or there are psychotic features.

Answer 6

Meets criteria for MDE and Mania for at least 1 week nearly every day

Answer 7

One or more Manic or Mixed Episode(s) Symptoms are not better accounted for by a psychotic disorder History of MDE is NOT required for diagnosis Requires the presence of elevated or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity +3 additional manic symptoms.

Answer 8

``` One or more MDE One or more Hypomanic episode NO history of Manic or Mixed episode Symptoms are not better accounted for by a psychotic disorder Psychotic and melancholic features ```

Answer 9

Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms. Duration of at least 2 years No Manic, Mixed or Depressive Episodes in first 2 years Never symptom-free for more than 2 months Distress but no severe impairment

Answer 10

Heritability - Genetic vulnerability (Twin, family and adoption studies, linkage analysis) Bipolar I the most heritable disorder Gene-environement interaction Stress Reactivity (HPA axis) - Overactive - elevated levels of cortisol in both types of mood episodes. Bipolar caused by overly sensitive dopamine receptors Depression caused by amygdala hyperactivity (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate)

Answer 11

``` Medication - high relapse and side effects, low adherence rate. Stopping can be dangerous (dangerous, even fatal, calcium levels need to be monitored). Cuts highs and lows Acute Mania Lithium: 70% response rate Anticonvulsants: 50-60% response rate Antipsychotics: faster onset Acute Depression Lithium: effects not as robust Antidepressants Mood switching risk Maintenance Lithium: 50% relapse if discontinue ``` Adjunct Psychotherapy: Improved medication adherence Fewer episodes; lower relapse rates Decrease in residual symptoms

Answer 12

``` Medication Adherence Early Detection and Intervention Stress and Life Management Treat comorbid problems Treatment of depression ```

Answer 13

``` ATTEMPTERS Women Under 25 No psych. complaints Impulsive Public attempt Less lethal means ```

Answer 14

``` COMPLETERS Men Over 40 DSM disorder Previous intent Private attempt Very lethal means ```

Answer 15

Age: 15-24 or 65 and older Marital status: Divorced, separated, widowed Plan Prior attempts – best predictor Psychiatric history, substance use Experience of lack of control in maladaptive family Limited problem-solving ability Hopelessness, perfectionism and self criticism Severity of suicide ideation Unemployment

Answer 16

Genetic factors may play a role in risk for suicide Reduced serotonergic activity appears to be associated with increased risk Rates of suicide vary across cultures and religions

Answer 17

Some people do not really wish to die but instead want to communicate a dramatic message concerning their distress Research has clearly disproved the tragic belief that those who threaten to take their lives seldom do so

Answer 18

Symptoms last for at least 4 days Change in functioning Change in mood and functioning is observable by others. Same symptoms as mania but they are not severe enough to cause significant impairment in functioning or hospitalization and there are NO psychotic features.

Answer 19

Stuck in the oral stage because of over/under gratification in childhood causing a fixation. The person is excessively dependent on other for maintenance of self-esteem. Analysis of bereavement - loss of a loved one, identify with them, they become an object of hate and guilt that get directed inwards.

Answer 20

Attitudes that bias interpretation of events: 1) Dysfunctional beliefs reflective the need for approval 2) Dysfunctional beliefs reflecting the need for achievement and perfection

Answer 21

Behavioural aspects - sparse social networks, regard them as providing little support - vulnerability Elicit negative reactions from others including rejection Tend to reject their partners and display few positive social behaviours Self orientation Low social skills ex. speech patterns and eye contact Constant reassurance seeking - temporarily satisfied Seek out negative feedback to validate self-image - inconsistent

Answer 22

Achieve insight Encourages outward release of the hostility Interpersonal therapy (IT): Concentrates of the present-day interactions between the depressed person and the social environment. Good for preventing relapse.

Answer 23

Prevents relapse Teaches how to combat stress through mindful meditation Relaxation techniques designed to increase awareness of changes in the body and mind - cognitive intervention techniques Meta-cognitive awareness Reduced over generality effect Reduces the cognitive tendency to engage in rumination

Answer 24

Sequence Treatment Alternative to Relieve Depression | Modifiable treatment process for major depressive disorder in adults in outpatient settings "whatever works"

Answer 25

``` Bright white light phototherapy More effective if combined with CBT Counteract negative thoughts Encourage engagement in everyday pleasurable activities Social skills training ```

Answer 26

Egotistic suicide: committed by people who have few ties to family, society or community. These people feel alienated from others and cut off from the social supports that are important to keep them functioning adaptively as social beings. Altruistic Suicide: is viewed as a response to societal demands. Some people who commit suicide feel very much a part of a group and sacrifice themselves for what they take to be the good of society. Anomic suicide: May be triggered by a sudden change in a person's relationship to society (lifestyle) Realistic suicide: Euphanasia Inadvertent suicide: Suicidal guesture to manipulate someone else but then accidently kill themselves Spite: Intends to kill themselves to hurt someone else Bizarre: Comits suicide because of a hallucination or delusion ex. command hallucinations

Answer 27

Arises from desire to escape from painful or aversive self-awareness; short-comings, failures.

Answer 28

``` Prevention A thwarted need to belong Perceived burdensome Both the will and the ways Pain tolerance, distress tolerance, sensation seeking ```

Answer 29

Conscious effort to seek a solution to a problem that is causing intense and intolerable pain - psychache Proximal predictor mediates distal risk factors

Answer 30

1) Survival and coping beliefs 2) Responsibility to family 3) Concerns about children 4) Fear of social disapproval 5) Fear of suicide 6) Moral objections

Answer 31

1) Health and empowered individuals, families and schools 2) Clinical and community preventive services 3) Treatment and support servies 4) Surveillance, research and evaluation

Answer 32

1. Reduce the intense psycholigcal pain and suffering 2. Lift the blinders; that is, expand the constricted view by helping the individual see options other than the extremes of continued suffering or nothingness 3. Encourage the person to pull back even a little from the self-destructive act.

Mood Disorders Flashcards

(56 cards)