moral development

Question 1

what is the background for Kohlberg? (freud)

Answer 1

psychoanalytic theory
-personality consists of id, ego, superego
-id= inherited, instinct
-ego= reason and common sense, influenced by external world
-superego=
conscience- guilt, immoral thoughts
ego ideal- pride, satisfaction

Question 2

what is the background for kohlberg? (Piaget)

Answer 2

cognitive theory
-heteronomous morality= (5-9) roles unchangeable, enforced by authority
-autonomous morality= (9-10) rules created by people, can be negotiated
-kohlberg saw development as a more gradual process than Piaget continued into young adulthood

Question 3

what was Kohlberg aim?

Answer 3

• investigate development in moral reasoning throughout adolescence, early childhood
  -to access the extent to which these changes had truth in a range of cultural contexts

Question 4

what was kohlberg sample?

Answer 4

-75 American boys
-10-16
-followed at 3 year intervals (end age 22-28)
-studies boys in Great Britain, Taiwan, Canada, Mexico, Turkey

Question 5

what is Kohlbergs method?

Answer 5

-longitudinal study 12 years
-cross cultural element
-data gathered through interviews

Question 6

what was kohlberg procedure?

Answer 6

p gave moral dilemma every three years, all philosophical, some taken from medieval ethics literature, measure 25 moral themes (value of human life, reasons for obeying rules)
p then asked what the character should do, ‘should the doctor mercy kill a fatally ill woman requesting death due to her pain?’
cross sectional, dilemmas presented to young people in Taiwan and Mexico- groups of different ages compared

Question 7

in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the preconventional level?

Answer 7

-orientation towards punishment= consequences
-orientation towards self interest= own needs

Question 8

in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the conventional level?

Answer 8

-good-boy-good-girl orientation= image to others
-orientation towards authority

Question 9

in kohlbergs results what were the stages at the postconventional level?

Answer 9

-social contract orientation= agreed by whole society, room for personal opinion
-orientation towards conscience and ethical principles= circumstance of case

Question 10

what are Kohlbergs conclusions?

Answer 10

-children, adolescents, young adults go through stages where moral reasoning develops from preconventional- self interest, conventional-rules and approval, post conventional- agreed rules also personal conscience
-although variations in rate of development, people growing in a range of cultural contexts go through same stages

Question 11

what example did kohlberg illustrate the six stages with?

Answer 11

the value of human life

Question 12

what are Kohlbergs conclusions?

Answer 12

-answers fell in stage when 50% identified with that stage
-unsure on if each person went through 5 to 6 or they were different maturity options
-age doesn’t determine stage

Question 13

whats an example of a dilemma in Kohlbergs study?

Answer 13

-father promised son could go to camp if he saved his own money
-broke his promise as he wanted to use his sons money for a fishing trip with friends

Question 14

is generalisability a strength or weakness?

Answer 14

weakness
75 small
androcentric
Only longitudinal in America

Question 15

is reliability a strength or weakness?

Answer 15

strength
same dilemmas

Question 16

is ecological validity a strength or weakness?

Answer 16

weakness
not real scenarios

Question 17

what is the background for Lee?

Answer 17

limitation on previous studies as all children in western countries who are raised in industrialised, individualistic, competitive environment (self aggrandisement)

-piaget= 11year olds start lying which depends on 2 factors
1) how big lie and punishment is
2)children don’t use motives of characters in stories to inform moral judgement

-wimmer= when intention of character clear children make similar judgements to older children

Question 18

what is the aim of Lee study?

Answer 18

to investigate cross cultural variations in childrens understanding and moral valuations of lying

Question 19

what is the method for Lee?

Answer 19

lab experiment
independent measures
cross sectional design
cross cultural method

Question 20

what are the IV for Lee?

Answer 20

social or physical story
prosocial or antisocial

Question 21

how many conditions were there for Lee?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

what were the DV in Lees study?

Answer 22

-rating gave to story characters deed (very,very good and very, very naughty)
-rating gave to what character said

Question 23

what were the Chinese participants in Lees study?

Answer 23

120
elementary schools Hangzhou, zhejilang province
40= 7,9,11 year olds
20m and 20f in each

Question 24

what were the Canadian participants in Lees study?

Answer 24

108
elementary schools Fredericten, New Brunswick
most mc
36=7
40=9
32=11
more males 16,16,18

Question 25

how were the Ps assigned to social or physical story?(Lee)

Answer 25

half randomly assigned to social and the rest physical

Question 26

what were the materials in Lees story?

Answer 26

-4 articles: 2antisocial 2 prosocial each P tested individually

Question 27

what were the scale ratings? Lee

Answer 27

7 point scale vv, v, good=3 red stars vv, v, naughty=3 black cross not good or naughty= blue circle repeated every question

Question 28

what was the structure for testing the P? Lee

Answer 28

read deed, question and rating, read second half, question and rating

Question 29

how did they reduce order effects? Lee

Answer 29

swap around naughty and good 1/2 p read stories in predetermined order other 1/2 in another

Question 30

what are the results for the prosocial truth telling? Lee

Answer 30

both cultures rate prosocial similarly Canadian rate truth telling the same in all ages Chinese rate truth telling less positive as age increases

Question 31

what are the prosocial lying results? Lee

Answer 31

-Canadian lie negative but less negative as age increases -Chinese lies negative to positive as age increases

Question 32

what are antisocial truth results? Lee

Answer 32

-antisocial rated similarly in both cultures -truth telling positive in both cultures

Question 33

what are antisocial lie results? Lee

Answer 33

-lie negative in both cultures negative increased with age regardless of culture

Question 34

what are Lee conclusions?

Answer 34

-moral reasoning can be influenced by culture and society we live in -influence of socio cultural factors becomes stronger as we age - some aspects of moral reasoning may be universal (lying bad)

Question 35

why is generalisability a s for Lee?

Answer 35

-both genders, cultures, ages -large sample 120, 108 (don't know economic background of wc)

Question 36

why is reliability a s in Lee study?

Answer 36

-same scenarios -rating scale control -order effects reduced switched naughty and good

Question 37

why is usefulness a s in Lee sample?

Answer 37

understand different cultures moral development, influenced by many factors tells us it's not reliable in court

Question 38

why is ecological validity a w in Lee study?

Answer 38

-scenarios fake -asked to judge behaviour by being read scenario -(more realistic/ relatable scenarios than Kohlberg)

Question 39

why is ethics a w in Lee study?

Answer 39

-children could feel pressured/ anxious -consent from parents

Question 40

what are similarities between Kohlberg and Lee?

Answer 40

usefulness- understanding moral development, k=stages, L=communism/ individualism -both used fake scenarios so lack ecological validity

Question 41

what are differences between Kohlberg and Lee? K

Answer 41

-longitudinal, 12 years -nature= ability to go though stages -75 American boys -qualitative data, interviews

Question 42

what are differences between Kohlberg and Lee? L

Answer 42

-cross cultural, Canada and Chinese, 7-9-11, cross sectional, mc Canada - nurture- cultural difference in truth telling/ lying -120 Chinese, 108 Canadian -quantitative data 7 point scale

Question 43

In Lees study how were the stories read?

Answer 43

participants own language illustrations

Question 44

what type of cities did the participants live in Lee?

Answer 44

chinese- medium size Hangzhou canadian- smaller city Fredericton

Question 45

How were Lees results quantified?

Answer 45

into points vv good=3 point

Question 46

how does lee show age affects ratings in prosocial situations?

Answer 46

70% chinese 11yo lying positive 25% chinese 7yo