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random shit i be finding hard > more principles formative > Flashcards

more principles formative Flashcards

1
Q

what controls vasomotor tone

A

sympathetic NS

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2
Q

what is vascular smooth muscle predominantly supplied by

A

sympathetic

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3
Q

in the heart what NS dominates under resting conditions

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

a man with x-linked becker muscular dystrophy has a son - what is the likelihood that his son is affected by the condition

A

0%

x-linked dominant - ie daughters will get but not sons

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5
Q

when is chromosomal microarray analysis useful

A

chromosomal imbalance - ie downs 47 XX +21

offers greater genetic resolution

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6
Q

when is PCR useful

A

identifying specific point mutations ie when you know exactly where you’re looking

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7
Q

when is NGS useful

A

sequencing of both child and parents to find de novo variants

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8
Q

which genetic test is quick and cheap

A

chromosomal microarray analysis - NGS is better but more expensive

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9
Q

mosaicism

A

post zygotic mutation

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10
Q

Mendelian disorders

A

disease caused by a single gene change - very highly penetrant

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11
Q

mitochondrial inheritance

A

only from the mother

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12
Q

c.

A

mRNA change

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13
Q

p.

A

amino acid change

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14
Q

transcripts are being analysed - what is the material analysis being performed on

A

RNA ie RNA polymerase for transcription

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15
Q

a woman is affected by an x-linked recessive disorder - why ?

A

skewed x inactivation

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16
Q

which molecules are responsible for regulating thermostat in fever

A

prostaglandins - hypothalamus

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17
Q

what type of antibodies can activate mast cells

A

IgE

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18
Q

which acute phase protein can assist in diagnosis and monitoring of infectious and inflammatory disease

A

CRP

  • has a short-lived nature
  • is radially produced
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19
Q

which lab technique is best suited to monitor viral load in patients blood (RNA)

A

PCR ie for HIV

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20
Q

which lab technique best suited to the analysis of lymphocyte subsets ?

A

immunophenotyping - investigates the pattern of antigen expression on or in cells through a panel of antibodies

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21
Q

which antimicrobial protein is secreted by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces

A

defensin - cysteine rich cationic proteins that can bind to microbial cell membranes

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22
Q

how does the MAC work

A

can directly lyse pathogen via membrane insertion and osmotic lysis

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23
Q

pinocytosis vs phagocytosis

A 
pino = internalisation of fluids 
phago = solid particels >0.5um through pseudopodia
24
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells express

A

CD8+

25
Q

what does CD4 do?

A

identifies T helper cells

26
Q

what is a virus - generally speaking

A

a virus is constructed from a protein shell or capsid that encloses an RNA or DNA genome and in some particular cases an additional envelope acquired from host cell membrane

27
Q

exotoxin

A

gram +

28
Q

endotoxin

A

gram -

29
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

can grow in presence and absence of oxygen

30
Q

capnophilic microbe

A

grows best in co2 enriched environment

31
Q

anaerobic

A

will not grow if oxygen present

32
Q

malignant lesion in the colon

A

adenocarcinoma

33
Q

what is a microbiome

A

genetic material associated with all the microorganisms colonising the body

34
Q

a gram positive prokaryote

A

clostridia

35
Q

which prokaryote produces spores

A

clostridia difficile

36
Q

why is DNA technology good for identifying bacteria from 16s

A

allows identification of microbes that cannot be grown under normal lab conditions

37
Q

abx that target protein synthesis

A

AMINOGLYCOSIDES
gentamicin

TETRACYCLINES
doxycycline

MACROLIDES
erythromycin

38
Q

abx that target cell wall

A

PENICILLIN
amoxicillin

GLYCOPEPTIDES
vancomycin

CEPHALOSPORINS
ceftriaxone

39
Q

abx that affect nucleic acid

A

metronidazole and ciprofloxacin

40
Q

when would a transmission based approach be better than a standard infection control approach ?

A

when attending a ward with c.diff / norovirus

41
Q

what does blood agar do

A

classify streptococcus species

42
Q

a patient diagnosed late with a bowel tumour complain of passing stools through the vagina - what causes this symptom ?

A

infiltration -

43
Q

what is a fistula

A

something that connects to organs that shouldn’t be connected ie ‘infiltration’ (abnormal ie neoplastic)

44
Q

what does a tumour suppressor genes do

A

stabilise the genome

45
Q

what is the sequence of healing

A

haemostasis, inflammation, repair, remodelling

46
Q

features of a benign lesion

A

normal mitotic figure

diploid DNA content

low N : Cytoplasmic ratio

no necrosis

47
Q

features of malignant lesion

A

abnormal mitotic figure

high N : Cytoplasmic ration

enlarged and pleomorphic nuclei

evidence of necrosis

48
Q

predominant cell type of granuloma

A

lymphocyte

49
Q

predominant cell types in granulation tissue

A

endothelial cells and myofibroblasts

50
Q

what is the consequence of significant cell death in the CNS

A

liquefactive necrosis

51
Q

what is the consequence of signifiant cell death in cardiac muscle

A

coagulative

52
Q

caseous necrosis

A

TB

53
Q

a GP gives VBA to a smoker at an appointment - what type of prevention is this

A

primary

54
Q

the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

A

public health

55
Q

strong possibility of cancer - what do you do ?

A

do not screen - screening is preventative

send for urgent diagnostic test

56
Q

equipment to be put on last and taken off first

A

gloves

random shit i be finding hard (8 decks)

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