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random shit i be finding hard > principles formative > Flashcards

principles formative Flashcards

1
Q

patient with benign enlargement of the prostate gland has bilateral, similarly enlarged kidneys on uS

a scan a few years ago was normal

mechanism in play here?

A

mass effect

  • growing mass that results in secondary pathological effects
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2
Q

which fibres does the posterior root contain ?

A

sensory fibres

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3
Q

which fibres do anterior rootlets and roots contain

A

motor fibres

spinal nerves contain both motor and sensory fibres

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4
Q

vertebral level at which the spinal cord ends

A

L1/L2

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5
Q

where are lumbar punctures done

A

L3/L4

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6
Q

long bones are generally located in which part of the skeleton

A

appendicular

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7
Q

where does the pelvic cavity lie

A

in-between pelvic inlet and outlet

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8
Q

can cartilage help with joint mobility

A

yes

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9
Q

is increased mobility of a joint associated with increased stability

A

no loser

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10
Q

3 facts about coronary sinus

A

RA - thesbian valves - folds

remnant of embryological sinoatrial valve

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11
Q

classical feature of ulna

A

olecranon - look a bit like a pacman

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12
Q

tibia

A

fat shin bone

sounds like ‘tubby’

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13
Q

where does fertilisation normally occur in vivo

A

ampulla of uterine tube

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14
Q

what structure receives oocyte at ovulation

A

infundibulum

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15
Q

isthmus is skinny and where the uterine tube enters the uterus

A

lol

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16
Q

which WBC is more red histologically speaking

A

eosinophil

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17
Q

a tissue is normal and is composed of very elongated cells with each cell having multiple nuclei, what cell is this

A

skeletal muscle cell

striated , multinucleated

neurons are also very long but not multinucleated

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18
Q

what type of tissue is packed with extracellular bundles of collagen fibres

A

dense - connective tissue

regular (tendon) or irregular (periosteum_

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19
Q

when are germ layers formed

A

gastrulation - migration of cells through primitive streak

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20
Q

what is cleavage

A

earliest cell division of embryo

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21
Q

morphogenesis ?

A

formation of body plan

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22
Q

organogenesis ?

A

development of primordia of all organs of the body

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23
Q

where are ribosomes produced

A

nucleolus

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24
Q

site of lipid synthesis

A

SER

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25
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

RER

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26
Q

what syndrome is seen with coarctation of the aorta

A

Turners

can cause radial-femoral pulse delay via distal left subclavian artery

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27
Q

corkscrew appearance on ECG

A

torsade de pointes

28
Q

ECG appearance of hypothermia

A

J waves / Osborne waves

29
Q

nocturnal cough + pink frothy sputum

A

pul. congestion > LHF > CHF

30
Q

what do catabolic pathways oxidise

A

macromolecules , thereby producing ATP

31
Q

hexokinase is enzyme that catalyses an irreversible reaction during glycolysis - true or false

A

true

32
Q

what is our primary energy source

A

glucose

33
Q

how is lactic acid produced

A

through

anaerobic oxidation of glucose/pyruvate

34
Q

when is a cell considered fully charged

A

if it contains ATP

35
Q

which order are the amino acids of the peptide given by convention

A

from N terminal to C terminal

where the carboxyl group of one amino acid binds with the amino end of another amino acid

36
Q

what enzyme transcribes genetic material

A

RNA polymerase

37
Q

what do tRNA molecules carry

A

amino acids

38
Q

what is a transcription factor

A

proteins that bind to DNA

39
Q

function of FiFo ATPase

A

a proton pore which utilises the energy yielded from the return of protons along their ECGradient in a condensation reaction with ADP and Pi to yield ATP

40
Q

what chemical is produced as a result of oxidation of glucose through aerobic glycolysis

A

pyruvate

41
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

42
Q

what does a 6 carbon molecule of glucose become in glycolysis

A

two 3 carbon pyruvate molecules

43
Q

what is pyruvate decarboxylated by and to make what

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase
to make
acetyl-coA

44
Q

the rate of reaction is matched by NADH regeneration by glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase

true or false in reduction of pyruvate to lactate

A

true

45
Q

describe quaternary structure

A

the relative orientation of one polypeptide to another polypeptide in a multisubunit protein

46
Q

what do post ganglionic fibres of parasympathetic release as a neurotransmitter

A

Ach

47
Q

do drug reactions increase lipid solubility or decrease

A

decrease

48
Q

what phase in drug metabolism makes a drug more toxic / carcinogenic

A

Phase I - oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

49
Q

what happens in phase 2

A

conjugation

-metabolism ie conjugation with an endogenous compound ie glucuronidation

50
Q

define drug dependence

A

related to the body’s ability to adapt to the presence of a drug

51
Q

what is an agonist

A

a drug that has the same effect on a receptor as the endogenous chemical messenger ie will make a certain reaction happen more

52
Q

what does IV infusion exhibit in terms of kinetics

A

first order kinetics

53
Q

what are first order elimination kinetics

A

concentration dependent based ie the more infusion the faster the clearance

54
Q

what are zero order kinetics

A

non-concentration based

55
Q

what will happen if IV infusion rate of administration was doubled - first order kinetics

A

doubling the rate of administration doubles the steady state plasma

56
Q

what has a direct effect upon the elimination half-life

A

clearance

vol. of distribution

57
Q

which one of these chemical modifications of a drug that is characteristic of phase one metabolism :

acetylation 
glucuronidation
methylation 
oxidation 
sulphation
A

oxidation

58
Q

what is the apparent volume of distribution for a given drug

A

an extra-polated volume that can be calculated from the dose of the drug divided by the plasma concentration of the drug

59
Q

which receptors mediate the increase in rate and force due to stimulation of sympathetic division in ANS

A

beta-1 receptors

these are found in the heart kidney and fat cells

60
Q

sympathetic nervous system adrenergic receptors

A

a1
a2
b1
b2

61
Q

what is BP

A

outward hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on blood vessel walls

62
Q

what is MABP

A

the average arterial BP during a single cardiac cycle

63
Q

is a pure phospholipid bilayer membrane extremely impermeable to water - soluble substances ?

A

yes

64
Q

can small polar uncharged molecules cross the membrane freely

A

yes ie O2 CO2 NH3 H2O

65
Q

describe transport across cell membrane

A

facilitated diffusion uses a carrier to transfer a substance across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient

66
Q

describe active transport of drugs across the plasma membrane

A

water soluble drugs enter the cell through specialised carrier proteins that require energy

random shit i be finding hard (8 decks)

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