Morphology

Question 1

Anaphoric Relations

Answer 1

a. Max’s parents are dead and he misses them (his parents)
b. *Max is an orphan and he misses them (his parents?)

> rules of anaphoric relations require the actual words to be there in order for the referent of the pronoun/pro-form to be reconstructed

Question 2

Lexical Items vs Words

Answer 2

Lexical items are like lemmas - citation forms in a dictionary (meanings are unpredictable and must therefore be listed)
Words may include inflectional morphology that makes them predictable (building blocks for sentences and phrases)

Question 3

Nonce-Formation

Answer 3

A lexeme created for a single occasion to solve an immediate problem of communication

Question 4

Allomorphy

Answer 4

Morphophonological Rule - different forms of the same morpheme, that occur in different sound environments

Question 5

Inflection

Answer 5

• does not create new lexical item
• does not change the category of the item
• attaches, as a rule, to an entire major category
• attaches after the derivational process has finished

Question 6

Derivation

Answer 6

• creates new lexical item
• may change the category of an item (but not always! green -> green-ish)
• attaches only to a subset of a major category
• usually more than one derivational affix doing the same job
• tends to attach close to the stem
• cannot occur outside inflectional suffixes: *eventsful

Question 7

irrealis

Answer 7

‘unrealized events’

Question 8

periphrasis

Answer 8

use of separate words that is otherwise expressed with inflection. PDE does this with a modal auxiliary: he may come, he must come, he might come

Question 9

Aspect

Answer 9

piggybacks off tense expressions: I have been playing, I am playing, etc.

lexical aspect = characteristics inherent in the action of the verb that have to do with tense (began, started)

Question 10

Telic

Answer 10

Actions that contain a natural endpoint (found)

Question 11

Atelic

Answer 11

Actions that do not contain a natural endpoint (search)

Question 12

Inherent Inflection

Answer 12

depends on information from the socio-physical world rather than information from syntax
the plural -s in boys depends on the number of boys that are involved
tense also depends on information from the socio-physical world (events from the past)

Question 13

Contextual Inflection

Answer 13

does not require information from the physical world - only syntax-internal information
the plural -s of the third person singular (she walks)
case endings in case languages
grammatical gender