Phonology

Question 1

Obstruents

Answer 1

plosives/oral stops/fricatives/affricates

Question 2

Sonorants

Answer 2

nasals/approximants/taps/flaps/trills

Question 3

Properties of Phonological Generalisations

Answer 3

• without exception
• productive
• be predictive

Question 4

SVLR

Answer 4

complementary distribution of short and long tense high vowels
morphophonological rule (rule does not apply at morpheme boundaries)

Question 5

Dentalization

Answer 5

allophonic rule - doesn’t interact with the morphology, applies regardless

Question 6

Assimilation

Answer 6

when a phonological segment takes on some property of an adjacent segment - assimilating segment becomes more like the segment it is assimilating to

Question 7

Partial Assimilation

Answer 7

Segment takes on some property of an adjacent segment

Question 8

Total Assimilation

Answer 8

Segment becomes identical

Question 9

Anticipatory Assimilation/Regressive Assimilation

Answer 9

assimilates to the following segment

Question 10

Perservative Assimilation/Progressive Assimilation

Answer 10

assimilates to the preceding segment

Question 11

Ukrainian Anticipatory Voicing Assimilation

Answer 11

voiceless obstruents become voiced obstruents before voiced obstruents

Question 12

Nasal Place Assimilation

Answer 12

Anticipatory Assimilation - the final nasal in ‘in-‘ assimilation to the place of the following stop:
in+possible > impossible
in+correct > incorrect

(when two identical segments are next to each other, one gets deleted – after assimilation)

Morphophonological Rule

Question 13

Geminates

Answer 13

double/long consonants

> English does not allow gemination within a morpheme

Question 14

Singletons

Answer 14

single/short consonants

Question 15

Labial

Answer 15

Articulated with the lips

Question 16

Coronal

Answer 16

Articulated with the front part of the tongue

Question 17

Dorsal

Answer 17

Articulated with the mid-back part of the tongue (the dorsum)

Question 18

Dorsal Fricatives

Answer 18

Underlying in Scottish English

Surface Level in other varieties

Question 19

Coalescence

Answer 19

when two sounds combine /h/ and /j/ to make a palatal fricative

Question 20

Neutralisation

Answer 20

Rules can collapse contrast

Question 21

Basic Feature Theory

Answer 21

• all features describe one possible characters of a segment
• all features of + and - values
• both values of any features can be active in phonology
• pick out it’s place, manner and voicing

Question 22

Vowel Length in English

Answer 22

Predictable in all varieties

• SVLR
• tense and lax vowels
• always derived in English
• context free

Question 23

High Vowel Breaking/schwa insertion

Answer 23

• case of vowel/consonant interaction

- phonological relationship - deals with underlying representations

Question 24

Feeding Order

Answer 24

• in feeding order, an earlier rule creates an environment for a later rule to apply
• l-darkening needs to apply for HBV to apply; VL also feeds HBV

Question 25

Epenthesis/Insertion

Answer 25

- technical term for an extra vowel, or anything that is added into phonology and is not in an underlying representation - forms like 'heated' have an epenthetic vowel -- phonology must insert a vowel in past tense forms

Question 26

Bleeding Order

Answer 26

when one rule destroys the environment for the other

Question 27

Heavy Syllables

Answer 27

``` Tend to attract primary stress Contain either: - a dipthong - a long vowel - a short vowel plus consonant ```

Question 28

Light Syllables

Answer 28

Less likely to be stressed (if there is a heavy syllable) Contain: - a short vowel

Question 29

Tense Vowels

Answer 29

Can occur in both open and closed monosyllabic words

Question 30

Lax Vowels

Answer 30

Can only occur in closed monosyllabic words

Question 31

Possible Rhymes in English

Answer 31

Can contain a minimum of two x-slots (timing slots) and a maximum of 3

Question 32

Extreme Codas

Answer 32

When final syllables are consonants, sequences larger than 3 x-slots are possible: text

Question 33

Possible Onsets in English

Answer 33

Onsets with 3 x-slots are forbidden unless the first segment is /s/

Question 34

Syllable Weight

Answer 34

Nouns: If the penultimate syllable is heavy in a noun, it has primary stress. If the penultimate syllable is light, the antepenultimate syllable has primary stress Only x-slots in rhymes count for syllable weight. Verbs: If a word has two syllables, it is common for the final to have primary stress (but only if it is heavy) If a word has more than two syllables, final primary stress is not uncommon

Question 35

The Three Syllable Window

Answer 35

In English, there is a principle that there is a 3-syllable window at the end of each word, within which the primary stress must occur. Does not take into account morphology! This rule is applied before morphology.

Question 36

Stress-Shifting Suffixes

Answer 36

Stress obeys the 3-syllable window: -ic, -ity, -ee

Question 37

Stress-Neutral Suffixes

Answer 37

Stress violated the 3-syllable window: -less, -ness, -ly

Question 38

R-Sandhi

Answer 38

In non-rhotic accents, some morphemes seem to alternate; sometimes they follow the non-rhotic pattern and have no final-r, sometimes there is an r to be heard Occurs at the morpheme or word boundary

Question 39

Intrusive-R

Answer 39

Words which are never r-final that demonstrate r-sandhi - there is r-insertion

Question 40

Linking-R

Answer 40

Words where there is an r to be heard underlyingly, are not present in non-rhotic accents - there is r-deletion