motivation Flashcards
week 2
according to sage (1977) what is motivation?
“the direction and intensity of one’s effort”
○ Direction (move towards or away something)
○ Intensity (high or low)
what is a trait/ person centred view on motivation?
○ Disposition
○ Part of who you are/ your makeup.
○ Personality
○ Needs
○ Interests
* Goals
what is a state/ situational view of motivation|?
focus on the environment.
coaching style
win-loss ratio
weather
anything external to the individual
what is the carrot and stick framework?
a process that incorperates componenets of reward and punishment
what is the traditional economic approach to motivation?
relies on assumption of perfect rationality when weighing the costs and benefits of engaging in particular actions.
why is motivation supplanted by the bounded rationality perspective?
- Shows how it doesn’t always work in such way.
○ e.g., money will not always motivate people to perform their best: salary raises in
elite sport do not predict subsequent scoring statistics (White & Sheldon, 2014);
§ Can be detrimental to our performance
○ choking under pressure leads to suboptimal performance in golf when large rewards are at stake
○ Environment may play a role (may be external influences on the behaviour that prevent the theory from being too)- extra pressure. - Highly competent athletes= something happens causing them to choke under pressure
what are the thoretical approaches to motivation?
self-determination theory
achievement goal theory
attribution theory
what is self-deterination theory?
(Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000)
* Focus = extent to which behaviours such sport & exercise participation undertaken voluntarily
○ No external agent making an individual take part or controlling us.
○ Not controlled by external agent (e.g. coach) or contingency (e.g. reward)
* General theory on WHAT motivates people (as opposed to how)
○ Not how we are motivated
what is the assumption of self-determination theory?
- Assumption: humans growth oriented organisms who actively seek optimal challenges & new learning experiences to master (growth mindset- intrinsic motivation).
○ All want to learn and experience challenges in order to master new things. - Inherent tendency for growth is manifested within SDT through the concept of intrinsic motivation
- World of sport and exercise use rewards extensively (external motivation)
Medals, trophies, money- rewards
what are the 3 basic psychological needs?
- Deci & Ryan suggest that when people experience these three things, they become more self-determined and able to be intrinsically motivated to pursue that things that interest them.
○ The more self-determined we become, the more intrinsically motivated we are.
§ Purely because we enjoy it.
1. Autonomy
§ People need to feel in control of own behaviours and goals
§ We like to have a say over what we do.
2. Relatedness
§ People need to experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other people
§ Build significant meaningful relationships- sense of belonging.
3. Competence
§ People need to gain mastery of tasks and learn different skills
§ Like to be able to show that we can learn new skills.
Don’t like the idea of failing. (may not learn the skill first time)
what is extrinsic motivation?
- when sport involvement is driven by trophies, ribbons, salaries or scholarships, or the approval of others.
○ Do get something out of it but it is external.
○ Recognition- example.
At the end we are driven by getting the reward.
what is intrinsic motivation?
participation in sport that is inherently pleasurable, when effort is based on enjoyment of competition, excitement, or the desire to learn and improve.
how is extrinsic motivation multi dimensional?
- Extrinsic motivation= multi dimensional
○ Integrated regulation
○ Identified regulation
○ Introjected regulation
○ External regulation
how does Self-determination theory link to sport and excercise behaviour?
- Supported endorsement of self-determined motives associated
- Increased effort in physical education classes and intention to be physically active (Standage et al., 2003), exercise intensity (Edmunds et al., 2006), and training outcomes such as burnout in elite rugby athletes (Creswell & Eklund, 2005).
- People with intentions to be physically active.
- Remaining closer to intrinsically motivated, prevents maladaptive practice which leads to burnout etc.
does it matter if we hold different views about what constitutes success?
- Winning and losing
○ Not always the case
Perceptions of success are different for every individual
