Motivation Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is motivation?
Those conditions responsible for:
* Direction of effort
* Intensity of effort
* Persistence
Vinacke, 1962
What are the theoretical approaches to motivation?
Theoretical approaches include:
* Content and need-based theories
* Process theories
* Prescriptive (behavioural) theories
What is the main difference between content and process theories?
Content theory focuses on individual needs (identifies conditions), while process theory focuses on behaviours and cognitions (dynamics between person-situation)
What do content and need-based theories suggest about behaviour?
Behaviour is motivated by basic needs and situational factors influence which needs are met or not met.
Name three theories included in content and need-based theories.
- Maslow’s Hierarchy
- Herzberg’s two factors
- Self Determination Theory (SDT)
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
People are motivated to meet all needs but are most motivated by the lowest-level of need that is unmet.
What did Lawler & Suttle (1972) find regarding Maslow’s Hierarchy?
Found little evidence of any progression in needs in longitudinal studies of managers.
What is Herzberg’s two-factor theory?
Hygiene factors can increase job dissatisfaction but do not affect job satisfaction; motivators can increase job satisfaction but their absence does not produce dissatisfaction.
What are examples of hygiene factors according to Herzberg?
- Pay
- Conditions
- Supervision
- Interpersonal relations
What are examples of motivators according to Herzberg?
- Achievement
- Job enrichment through more authority
- Feedback
What does Self Determination Theory explore?
Explores the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, focusing on basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
What are the components of Expectancy Theory?
- Expectancy
- Instrumentality
- Valence
What does Goal-setting Theory argue?
Goals are potent motivators, and self-regulation leads to persistence.
What are the three psychological states in Hackman and Oldham’s job design theory?
- Meaningfulness of work
- Responsibility for outcomes
- Knowledge of results
What is the Psychological Contract?
The unwritten agreement between employer and employee about expectations of what each will give and receive.
What can violations of the Psychological Contract lead to?
Mistrust, dissatisfaction, and turnover.
What are the two categories of empowerment?
- Individual
- Autonomous teamwork
What are some implications for management regarding empowerment?
- Common entrance
- Flat management structure
- Self-managing teams
What are six motivations that determine the motivation of volunteers?
- Values
- Career enhancement
- Social
- Protective
- Understanding
- Enhancement
