Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is Motivation
It is central to understanding behaviour and it’s causes
Explain the evolutionary perspective of motivation
Focusses on adaptive instincts that are inherited and common to all species
What is the problem with evolutionary perspective
Circular Reasoning
*Why are people greedy? Because its an instinct?
*How do we know greed is an instinct? Cause people are greedy?
How do Genes impact the evolutionary perspective
Genes are genetically based predispositions to act in certain ways
What studies test Genes in an evolutionary perspective
Gene knockout studies
Twin studies
Explain the main feature of the biological perspective and what does it require?
Homeostasis: Aims to maintain physiological equilibrium
Requires:
*Sensory mechanism
*Response system
*Control centre
Explain the concept of “Drives” from a biological perspective
Drives are created by deficits, they motivate us to reduce these decifits and achieve homeostasis
Explain the Behavioural Activation System (BAS) ((Brain/Learning perspective))
System is stimulated by potential reward signals -> leads to desire and anticipation for pleasure
(Left Prefrontal Cortex)
Explain the Behavioural Inhibition System (BAS) ((Brain/Learning perspective))
System is stimulated by signals of punishment/pain -> results in aversion and fear behaviours
(Right Prefrontal Subcortical)
Elaborate on the features of a Cultural/Environment/Cognitive perspective of motivation
Incentives: Environmental factors that motivate people towards goal
Cognitive:
*Extrinsic - External reward
*Intrinsic - Performing activity for own sake
what are unconscious motives in a psychodynamic perspective?
People are not always aware of the factors motivating them
List and define the features of Self-Determination Theory in a humanistic approach to motivation
Competence: Need to see self as capable and master new skills
Autonomy: Need to have free choice
Relatedness: Need to form bonds with others
List the Deficiency Needs from most urgent to least urgent
Esteem ⬆️
Belongingness and Love ⬆️
Safety ⬆️
Physiological ⬆️
List the Growth Needs from most urgent to least urgent
Self-Actualisation
Aesthetic ⬆️
Cognitive ⬆️
Explain progression and regression in Maslow’s hierarchy
If lower needs are satisfied, lower needs will “progress” to higher needs
If lower needs are not satisfied, higher needs will “regress”
List and apply features of motivation to eating behaviours
Metabolism: Body’s rate of energy use
Satiety: State of no longer feeling hungry
What signals the start/end of a meal
*Stomach contractions which correspond to feelings of hunger
*Chemical signals
List the important mechanisms involved in eating behaviours
Hypothalamus
Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN): Cluster of neurons with receptor sites for appetite-based neurotransmitters
What are the psychological concepts involved in eating behaviours
Positive Reinforcement: Good taste of food encourages eating
Negative Reinforcement: Hunger is reduced by eating
Attitudes, Habits and Beliefs
What are the environmental and cultural factors involved in eating behaviours
*Food availability
*Taste, Variety, Portion Size, etc.
How is Classical Conditioning involved in eating behaviours
*Stimulus-Reward associations
*Associate smell/sight of food with taste -> triggers hunger
