Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

James-Lange theory

Answer 1

• stimuli trigger ANS activity, leads to emotional experience
• emotional experience is the consequence of reaction
• body responds first, brain second

Question 2

Cannon-bard theory

Answer 2

• brain and body respond at the same time

- ANS and emotional brain respond simultaneously

Question 3

Schachter-singer two factor theory

Answer 3

• emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
• ie. bear in the room, brain interprets arousal as fear
• cognitive appraisal determines emotion

Question 4

6 universal emotions

Answer 4

Anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust, surprise

Question 5

Appraisal

-critical brain structure?

Answer 5

Evaluation of emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus

• how you label your emotion
• amygdala is critical

Question 6

Amygdala role in emotion

Answer 6

-threat detector
-can act fast (thalamus–>amygdala)
Or slow (thalamus–>cortex–>amygdala) to produce response to arousing stimulus

Question 7

Fast amygdala response

Answer 7

• quickly initiate neural response

- ie asks, is that a threat?

Question 8

Slow amygdala response

Answer 8

• thalamus, cortex then amygdala
• tries to identify threat (ie is it a mammal, what’s the genus)
• eventually gets to amygdala and decides whether to maintain fear or not

Question 9

Emotion regulation

Answer 9

Cognitive/behavioral strategies that people use to influence emotional experience
-ie reappraisal

Question 10

Reappraisal

Answer 10

Thinking of an emotional experience in a different way by changing the meaning of the stimulus
-ie see woman crying, people think she’s at a funeral but if asked to think about her being at a wedding, amygdala is deactivated

Question 11

Universality hypothesis

Answer 11

Emotions have same meaning for everyone

-Darwin

Question 12

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 12

• we shape our emotions with our face and they cause us to feel those emotions
• pen in mouth model

Question 13

Pen in mouth model

Answer 13

• models the facial feedback hypothesis
• force emotions
• smile=positive emotion
• frown=negative emotion

Question 14

Botox and emotion

Answer 14

• cosmetic-paralyzed muscle
• can’t frown, not that sad
• can’t smile, not that happy

Question 15

Display rules

Answer 15

Norms for control of emotional expression

• techniques: intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing
• varies by culture (ie Japanese and Americans watching gory movie in presence or absence of researcher)

Question 16

How to distinguish between sincere and insincere facial expressions

Answer 16

• morphology
• symmetry-less=less sincere
• duration-shorter=less sincere
• temporal patterning-disappear smoothly=genuine

Question 17

What motivates behavior?

Answer 17

Needs, drives and arousal

-needs are states of deficiency

Question 18

Motivation

Answer 18

Purpose for or psychological cause of action

Question 19

Hedonic principle

Answer 19

People are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Question 20

Drives

Answer 20

• psychological states to satisfy needs
• needs produce arousal
• negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis

Question 21

Homeostasis

Answer 21

System keeping itself in a particular state

Question 22

Maslow

Answer 22

• organized a hierarchy of needs

- bottom to top: psychological needs, safety and security, belonging and love, esteem needs, self actualization needs

Question 23

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 23

• Behaviors that dec drive and arousal become habit
• incentives are external motivators-culturally determined
• there is an optimal arousal

Question 24

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 24

• fear of being fat and not eating

- distorted body image

Question 25

Bullimia nervosa

Answer 25

Binge eating then purging

Question 26

Human sexual response cycle

Answer 26

Stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity - excitement - plateau - orgasm - resolution - refractory period

Question 27

Mortality-salience hypothesis

Answer 27

People reminded of mortality, they reinforce their cultural worldviews -ie they praise people with similar world views, punish those who don't, love their wives, defend their country, etc

Question 28

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 28

- motivation to take actions that are rewarding - doing things that dont have a payoff because they are a payoff - most motivated - control rheoru

Question 29

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 29

- motivation to take actions that lead to reward | - ie flossing, working for money, take exams to get college degree

Question 30

Shifting from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation

Answer 30

- sometimes treats suggest that forbidden activity - ie daycare has fine for lateness, parents come even later because an extra hour without kids is worth the extra couple bucks

Question 31

Conscious motivation

Answer 31

People are aware of motivations

Question 32

Unconscious motivation

Answer 32

- people are not aware of these motivations | - need for achievement

Question 33

Need for achievement

Answer 33

Motivation to solve worthwhile problems | -unconscious

Question 34

Approach motivation

Answer 34

- motivation to experience a positive outcome - explained by the hedonic principle - run to pleasure

Question 35

Avoidance motivation

Answer 35

- motivation to not experience a negative outcome - run from pain - explained by hedonic principle

Question 36

Control theory

Answer 36

- we are lost motivated when we are in control | - intrinsic motivation

Question 37

Self perception theory

Answer 37

We perceive ourselves and then trying to see why we are doing it

Question 38

Fundamental need to belong

Answer 38

- humans | - drives behavior and influences cognition and emotion

Question 39

Social exclusion theory

Answer 39

-if we are excluded, we are wired to be anxious and are going to avoid being excluded

Question 40

Social comparison theory

Answer 40

- people chose to be With others who are experiencing the same thing - misery loves miserable company

Question 41

Lateral emotional systems in the brain

Answer 41

Left hemisphere - more positive | Right hemisphere - more negative

Question 42

R prefrontal activation vs left prefrontal activation

Answer 42

Right activates - inc cortisol, dec natural killer cells - recover more slowly from emotions stress - can't turn off neg feelings, stay longer

Question 43

Coping process

Answer 43

- some people are Hardy and have dec neg response to stress - stressed people are fragile and see stressful events as a challenge - social support can help promote stress management and resilience

Question 44

Mischel's marshmallow test

Answer 44

- test emotional intelligence - see at what age children can exercise delay of gratification - at 4, still can't delay gratification, but by 5 they can - people who can control their impulses are more successful academically

Question 45

Golman's 5 aptitudes of emotional intelligence

Answer 45

1) self-awareness 2) self-soothing 3) self-motivation 4) empathy 5) effective relating-approp convo - believed that we should focus on social results as much as academic results