Social Psychology Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Social psychology
A
How others influence the way a person feels, thinks and acts
- social environments are important
- social expectations
- others affect us powerfully
8
Q
Frustration-Aggression hypothesis
A
Animals agress when goals are thwarted
- animals use aggression to threaten people
- solve problem of scarce resources
9
Q
Cooperation
A
Behavior that lead to mutual benefit
- another way to solve problem of scarce resources
- ie the prisoners dilemma
10
Q
Diffusion of responsibility
A
People feel less responsibility when they are around others
-why people act badly in groups
11
Q
Altruism
A
Behavior benefits someone else but not self
-debate if people are ever altruistic
12
Q
Kin selection
A
Evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
- ie animals promote survival of their own genes; more likely to make warning call if predator is near; promoting survival of own genes
- is this altruistic?
13
Q
Reciprocal altruism
A
Benefits someone but there is the understanding that the benefits will be returned in the future
15
Q
Attitudes
A
- formed through experience and socialization
- shaped by context
- det how we eval and assoc with other people
- direct experience
- mere exposure effect
- implicit assoc test
16
Q
Mere exposure effect
A
- more frequent exposure inc liking
- proximity influences attraction
- ie if we encounter a person more frequently, we will like them more
16
Q
Social influence
A
- Ability to control other people’s behavior
- hedonic motive-avoid pain
- approval motive-be accepted
- accuracy motive-be right
17
Q
What is considered beauty in men and women
A
- common across cultures
- body shape-women hourglass, men inverted triangles
- symmetry-generic health
- age-men more attractive with older features, women more attractive with younger features
17
Q
Approval motive
A
- people want to experience pleasure an avoid experiencing pain
- normative influence
- Conformity
- obedience
18
Q
2 kinds of love
A
- psychologists try to distinguish between these
- passionate-intense sexual attraction; brings ppl together
- companionate-trust, concern for wellbeing; keeps people together
18
Q
Normative influence
A
- when another persons behavior provides information about what is appropriate
- ie friend buys lunch, you return the favor
- norm of reciprocity
19
Q
Key aspects of reproduction
A
- selectivity-choosing sexual partners
- attractiveness
- relationships
19
Q
Norm of reciprocity
A
Unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them
- or buy lunch for friend that buys you lunch
- door in the face technique
20
Q
Social exchange
A
- people remain in relationships as long as ratio between costs and benefits is good
- acceptable level of benefit, reasonable costs
- comparison level and equity
20
Q
Door in the face technique
A
-if you ask for something bigger than what you want and person refuses, you then ask for what you actually want and they usually say yes bc they are giving a concession
21
Q
Comparison level
A
Cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could get in another relationship
21
Q
Conformity
A
- doing what others do bc others are doing it
- asch conformity study
22
Q
Equity
A
Cost benefit of 2 partners are equal
-ie spouses get distressed when ratios are not equal
22
Q
Asch conformity study
A
- video
- group of people look at lines and say which one matches the standard line
- all people except for 1 was hired to say the wrong one and see if the student would conform
- found that student fell into normative Influence even though they knew the right answer
23
Q
Obedience
A
Doing what people tell us to do
- normative influence
- Milgram test
24
Q
Milgram test
A
- tested level of obedience
- teacher asks questions to student and delivers electric shocks
- experimenter says there is no choice
- need authority figure to deliver instructions
25
Informational influence
Someone else's behavior provides info about what is right or good
- ie looking at something bc someone else Is looking at it
- bestseller, laugh reels, lines at clubs or bars
26
Persuasion
- attitudes/beliefs are influenced by communication from someone else
- 2 types: systematic and heuristic
27
Systematic persuasion
Changing attitudes and beliefs by reason
| -evidence and arguments are strong
28
Heuristic persuasion
Changing attitudes and beliefs by appealing to emotion or habit
29
Important themes of social psychology
- web underestimate the power of situations
| - mental activity occurs automatically
30
Fundamental attribution error
Focus on personality traits rather than situations
- actor observer discrepancy
- just world hypothesis
- 3 dimensions:
31
Actor observer discrepancy
I do something bad, the situation is bad; you do something bad, that person has bad character
32
Just world hypothesis
-easier to justify if we think people deserved it
33
3 attribution dimensions
- personal vs situational
- stable vs variable
- controllable vs uncontrollable
34
Different dimensions apply in different situations
- depressed: unstable, personal, in controllable (ie did bad on test, feel like failure)
- not depressed: stable, situational, controllable (ie did bad on test, opportunity for improvement)
35
Prejudice
Emotional response associated with stereotypes
-in group/out group bias:people more likely to devel associations between aversive events and
members of an outgroup
-form in early lige
36
Ingroup favoritism
-individual identifies with a certain group and have a preference for their own group over an outgroup
37
Out group homogeneity effect
In group members see themselves as more diverse than out group members
38
How to reduce prejudice
- cooperation
- overcome group hostilities
- musafer sherif: demonstrated that competition created hostility and cooperation eliminates it
- 2 summer camps compete against each other and then work together
- ie jigsaw classrooms
39
Jigsaw classrooms
- eliminating racial conflict
| - students split up a topic and have to present it to the other group members-only way they can do well on a test
40
Elaboration likelihood model
Using central route processing (rational and cognitive) stronger attitudes are less resistant to change
-using peripheral route processing =not as strong
41
Critical thinking skill-making sound arguments
- conclusion and reasons
- acknowledge the other side
- include a qualifier, constraint and redirections
- weigh strengths and weaknesses
42
Persuasion can change attitudes-politics
- one sided arguments work best if the person is already on your side
- appeal to emotions
- repeating a lie enough makes people believe it
45
Stereotypes
Combative schemes that organize info about ppl based on their association with a group
- maintained by confirmation bias
- can lead to prejudice
- impacts perception
45
Group think
- group under pressure
- perception of external threat
- dissent discouraged
- group members assure each other they are doing the right thing
46
Cognitive dissonance
- when attitudes an behavior don't match
- attitudes predict behavior
- occurs when there is contradiction btwn 2 attitudes or behaviors (festinger)
47
Implicit vs explicit attitudes
- implicit: automatic
| - explicit: deliberate
48
Discrepancies lead to dissonance-why
- dissonance causes anxiety and tensions
- ppl reduce dissonance to avoid the tension
- or they rationalize/trivialize the discrepancy
- $1 vs $20 Study
49
$1 vs $20 Study
- participate in a boring study and are paid either $1 or $20 to say that the study was really interesting
- $20 ppl will say it was still boring and they only said it to get the $20
- $1 ppl say that it was actually ok
50
Post decisional dissonance
- feeling better about your attitude after it as been confirmed
- ie betting on horses-feel better after its been confirmed that you wob
51
Justifying effort
- hazing, cults
- more effort into joining, more loyal you are
- dissonance occurs when you questions why you went through the hazing
52
Perceptual confirmation
- people see what they expect to see
- ie bball broadcast where participants were led to believe that players were either black or white
- if they believed black, thought they had better athletic ability and were less smart
53
Self fulfilling prophecy
- People cause what they expect to see
- ie students put their race on standardized test and do worse than if they don't put their race down
- ie Harvard study video&welding study
- cycle: perceivers expectation-->perceivers behavior towards target-->targets behavior toward perceiver
54
Subtyping
- people are given evidence that doesn't fit stereotype but they modify the stereotype instead of abandoning them
- ie nuns throwing snowblls
55
Labeling video
- teacher was told that kids were part of an early bloomer Harvard study
- Kids get smarter when they were expected to get smarter
- 4 factors
- implications: gifted and talented; having smart siblings; labeling trouble makers
- assigned lower expectations-no chance for change
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- what we expect is what we get even if it is implicit
56
Rosenthals 4 factors for why kids get smarter in video
1) climate-teachers provide warmer climate for kids
2) input factors-teach more material
3) response opportunity-students have more opportunity to respond
4) feedback-kids expected to give higher quality response
57
Confirmation bias
People store social info consistent with existing schemas
| -ie video of biased stereotypes
58
Video of biased stereotypes
- power of cognitive control
- teacher used confirmation bias: kids were told that blue eyes are good, brown eyes are bad
- children began to carry this out in the play ground
- social fact-->objective fact
59
Stereotype threat
- fear of confirming an observers stereotype
- ie video where white and black students are asked to perform an athletic activity. When told its a test of athletic ability, black students do better. When told its a test of sports strategic intelligence, white students do better
- ie also identifying race on SAT makes blacks do worse
60
Stereotype threat-dec performance due to:
1) physiological stress
2) tendency for people to think about performance
3) attempts to suppress negative thoughts & emotions
61
Conformity issue
- anxiety to face rejection/social Non-conformity
- unwillingness to stand out
- harder if situation is more intense
- conforming to social Norms
- ie group norms on drinking-->binge drinking
62
Social facilitation
- behaviors in front of people
1) organisms are aroused in the presence of their own species
2) arousal -->better performance
3) simple dominant responses are improved but complex responses are impaired
63
Deindividuation
Immersion in a group decreases people's personal values
| -why people behave badly under stress
63
Social loafing
People work less hard if their own efforts are not recognized
64
Group decision making
- risky shift effect
| - group polarization
65
Risky shift effect
-ppl in groups go for riskier decisions than they would if they were alone
66
Group polarization
- groups go to extreme opinions
| - ie group think
67
Compliance
- tendency to agree
- foot in the door technique
- door in the face technique
68
Group think
- group under pressure
- perception of external threat
- dissent discouraged
- group members assure each other they are doing the right thing
69
Cognitive dissonance
- when attitudes an behavior don't match
- attitudes predict behavior
- occurs when there is contradiction btwn 2 attitudes or behaviors (festinger)
70
Implicit vs explicit attitudes
- implicit: automatic
| - explicit: deliberate
71
Discrepancies lead to dissonance-why
- dissonance causes anxiety and tensions
- ppl reduce dissonance to avoid the tension
- or they rationalize/trivialize the discrepancy
- $1 vs $20 Study
72
$1 vs $20 Study
- participate in a boring study and are paid either $1 or $20 to say that the study was really interesting
- $20 ppl will say it was still boring and they only said it to get the $20
- $1 ppl say that it was actually ok
73
Post decisional dissonance
- feeling better about your attitude after it as been confirmed
- ie betting on horses-feel better after its been confirmed that you wob
74
Justifying effort
- hazing, cults
- more effort into joining, more loyal you are
- dissonance occurs when you questions why you went through the hazing
75
Perceptual confirmation
- people see what they expect to see
- ie bball broadcast where participants were led to believe that players were either black or white
- if they believed black, thought they had better athletic ability and were less smart
76
Self fulfilling prophecy
- People cause what they expect to see
- ie students put their race on standardized test and do worse than if they don't put their race down
- ie Harvard study video&welding study
- cycle: perceivers expectation-->perceivers behavior towards target-->targets behavior toward perceiver
77
Subtyping
- people are given evidence that doesn't fit stereotype but they modify the stereotype instead of abandoning them
- ie nuns throwing snowblls
78
Labeling video
- teacher was told that kids were part of an early bloomer Harvard study
- Kids get smarter when they were expected to get smarter
- 4 factors
- implications: gifted and talented; having smart siblings; labeling trouble makers
- assigned lower expectations-no chance for change
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- what we expect is what we get even if it is implicit
79
Rosenthals 4 factors for why kids get smarter in video
1) climate-teachers provide warmer climate for kids
2) input factors-teach more material
3) response opportunity-students have more opportunity to respond
4) feedback-kids expected to give higher quality response
80
Confirmation bias
People store social info consistent with existing schemas
| -ie video of biased stereotypes
81
Video of biased stereotypes
- power of cognitive control
- teacher used confirmation bias: kids were told that blue eyes are good, brown eyes are bad
- children began to carry this out in the play ground
- social fact-->objective fact
82
Stereotype threat
- fear of confirming an observers stereotype
- ie video where white and black students are asked to perform an athletic activity. When told its a test of athletic ability, black students do better. When told its a test of sports strategic intelligence, white students do better
- ie also identifying race on SAT makes blacks do worse
83
Stereotype threat-dec performance due to:
1) physiological stress
2) tendency for people to think about performance
3) attempts to suppress negative thoughts & emotions
84
Conformity issue
- anxiety to face rejection/social Non-conformity
- unwillingness to stand out
- harder if situation is more intense
- conforming to social Norms
- ie group norms on drinking-->binge drinking
85
Social facilitation
- behaviors in front of people
1) organisms are aroused in the presence of their own species
2) arousal -->better performance
3) simple dominant responses are improved but complex responses are impaired
86
Social loafing
People work less hard if their own efforts are not recognized
87
Group decision making
- risky shift effect
| - group polarization
88
Risky shift effect
-ppl in groups go for riskier decisions than they would if they were alone
89
Group polarization
- groups go to extreme opinions
| - ie group think
90
Compliance
- tendency to agree
- foot in the door technique
- door in the face technique
