motor anatomy

Question 1

from what areas of the brain does the corticospinal tract arise?

Answer 1

areas 4, 6, 312

Question 2

as they leave the cortex, corticospinal fibers are

Answer 2

the corona radiata

Question 3

through what do corticospinal fibers trival in the diencephalon?

Answer 3

the internal capsule

Question 4

in the midbrain, cortico spinal fibers become

Answer 4

the cerebral peduncles

Question 5

what is the the pyramidal decussation?

Answer 5

where 90% of corticospinal fibers split, at the junction of the spinal cortd brainstem.

Question 6

After the pyramidal decussation, the crossed corticospinal tract goes to the —– and the uncrossed fibers go to the —-

Answer 6

dorsolateral white matter, anterior corticospinal tract.

Question 7

what other pathway subserves motor control through its connections in the brainstem?

Answer 7

corticobulbar tract

Question 8

in the internal capsule, what is the somatotopic organanization?

Answer 8

Fibers controling upper body are found anteriorly, axons that influence the lower body are found post

Question 9

How does the map of the internal capsule change in the cerebral peduncle?

Answer 9

upper body is represented medially and lower body is represented laterally

Question 10

what areas of the cortex project to the red nucleus?

Answer 10

motor, premotor,

Question 11

where do axons leaving the red nucleus, destined for the spinals cord go?

Answer 11

the cross in the ventral tegmental decussation and travel in the dorsolateral funiculus

Question 12

what is a disynaptic connection from the motor cortex to the spinal motorneurons?

Answer 12

the rubrospinal tract

Question 13

where does the tectospinal tract arise from?

Answer 13

the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus

Question 14

Where does the superior colliculus project?

Answer 14

to the cervical spinal cord only

Question 15

What kind of information do reticulospinal efferents carry?

Answer 15

vestibular info

Question 16

What descending noradrenergic projection controls background excitability in MN?

Answer 16

Projections from the locus coeruleus

Question 17

What descending projection from the brainstem is serotonergic?

Answer 17

caudal raphe nuclei.

Question 18

what is the effect of descending connections from the raphe?

Answer 18

inhibitory; prevent hyper activity

Question 19

This fiber tract has a role in maintenance of balance, has bilateral projections in the cord, runs throughout the SC, and effects A and G EXT and FLEX

Answer 19

LVST

Question 20

This tract is for coordinated eye and head movements, projects contralaterally through only neck levels in the cord, and only influences neck muscles

Answer 20

tectospinal

Question 21

Where does MVST project and what does it do?

Answer 21

Bilateral, cervical, Alpha neck MN, maintains head stability

Question 22

where does reticulospinal project?

Answer 22

bilaterally to a and g flex and ext at all sc levels

Question 23

coeruleospinal pathway is—,raphe-spinal is —–

Answer 23

ipsi, bilateral

Question 24

latin name for anterior lobe of the cerebellum

Answer 24

paleocerebellum

Question 25

the nodulus and flocculus, also called---- are separated from the rest of the cerebellum by the----

Answer 25

vestibulocerebellum; posterolateral fissure

Question 26

what structure of the cerebellum forms the roof of the 4th ventricle?

Answer 26

nodulus

Question 27

Input to the cerebellum chiefly goes to ----, which send info to----- in the ---- layer.

Answer 27

granule cells, PC, Molecular layer

Question 28

information going out of the cerebellum travels in which peduncle?

Answer 28

superior

Question 29

info going into the cerebellum goes by way of what?

Answer 29

middle (brachium pontis) inf (corp restiform)

Question 30

the restiform body of the inferior peduncle carries what fibers?

Answer 30

Olive, dorsal spinocerebellar tract and medullary reticular formation

Question 31

the juxtarestiform body of the inferior peduncle carries what?

Answer 31

vestibular info, also efferents

Question 32

In what peduncle do pontine fibers to the cb travel in?

Answer 32

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 33

where do axons in the superior cerebellar peduncle go?

Answer 33

contralateral red nucleus or thalamus

Question 34

the magnocellular division of the red nucleus receives what?

Answer 34

interpositus, mostly

Question 35

the parvocellular red receives what?

Answer 35

dentate

Question 36

what two tracts are near the superior cerebellar peduncl?

Answer 36

the uncinate fasiculus and spinocerebellar tract

Question 37

the lentiform nucleus is made out of what structures?

Answer 37

putamen and gp

Question 38

the neostriatum is what?

Answer 38

caudate and putamen

Question 39

what separates the neostriatum?

Answer 39

the internal capsule

Question 40

what structure forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?

Answer 40

the caudate

Question 41

what is the ventral striatum?

Answer 41

is rostr and vent to the ant comm, consists of the NAmb, Striatum and parts of the olfactory tubercle

Question 42

what fiber structure separates the gp and the putamen?

Answer 42

external meduliary lamina

Question 43

what separates the thalamus from th lenticular nucleus?

Answer 43

internal capsule

Question 44

what is special about the substantia nigra pars compacta?

Answer 44

hs large cells that produce dA

Question 45

what NT does the pars reticulata produce?

Answer 45

GABA

Question 46

In the BG, what region is mostly motor?

Answer 46

Most of the Putamen

Question 47

what kind of area occupies most of the caudate

Answer 47

Association

Question 48

where is the limbic portion of the bg?

Answer 48

Ventral,

Question 49

Major inputs to the striatum are from

Answer 49

the corex and the IL thalamic nuclei

Question 50

efferents from the striatum include

Answer 50

MSN expressing substance-P and GABA project to the gp internal segment (direct) and MSN expressing enkephalin and gaba to gp ext.

Question 51

Describe the indirect path

Answer 51

From the GP ext segment, to the sTN, to the GP internal segment

Question 52

where does the gp internal segment project to?

Answer 52

VA, VL thalamus via lenticular fasciculus and the ansa lenticularis (the thalamic fasciculus)

Question 53

where does the substantia nigra pars compacta project?

Answer 53

the striatum and ventral striatum (DA)

Question 54

what are the motor nuclei of the eye muscles?

Answer 54

abducens, trochlear, and occulomotor

Question 55

the pathway the carries the vestibuloocular reflex goes from the semicirc, vestibular and then to the motor nuclei by two pathways:

Answer 55

mediallongitudinal fasiculus, or by way of the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. also, to the flocculus.

Question 56

where does the command for saccadic eye movements originate?

Answer 56

FEF, sEF, intraparietal area of CCX.

Question 57

Signals for saccades are ultimately carried to the --- and the ---- to get to the remotor burst neurons.

Answer 57

Superior colliculus, caudate, and to vermis via the nrtp.

Question 58

for saccad, horizonal movements are --- and veritical movements

Answer 58

pontine;midbrain reticular formations (premotor burst neurons)

Question 59

describe the pathfor smooth pursuit detection

Answer 59

Mt and Mst send signal to dl ponine, to flocculus and posterior veermis. then to mn via vestibular and prepositus hypoglossi. Also, fastigial to mn