motor control

Question 1

meissner’s corpuscles

Answer 1

sense light touch

Question 2

posterior root processes

Answer 2

sensation

Question 3

anterior root processes

Answer 3

motor

Question 4

what part of the brain initiates the motor plan

Answer 4

frontal lobe

Question 5

what part of the brain reviews the plan

Answer 5

cerebellum

Question 6

cerebellum

Answer 6

modulates movement, target accuracy, smoothness, rate and force

Question 7

what part of the brain sends the motor order to the body

Answer 7

basal ganglia

Question 8

what is motor control

Answer 8

the process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement

Question 9

motor planning requires

Answer 9

repetition

Question 10

how do we learn motor control?

Answer 10

physical performance, mental visualization, and watching others

Question 11

reflexive movement

Answer 11

involuntary, stereotyped movements made in direct response to a sensory stimulus

Question 12

voluntary movement

Answer 12

performed under conscious control, purposeful, goal-directed movements that are flexible and modifiable

Question 13

postural control mechanisms

Answer 13

balance and reflexes

Question 14

coordination mechanisms

Answer 14

gross and fine motor, involuntary movements

Question 15

CNS regions important in motor control

Answer 15

SC, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, sensory motor areas of the cortex

Question 16

primary motor cortex in charge of

Answer 16

voluntary, skilled, refined movements

Question 17

premotor cortex in charge of

Answer 17

prep for movement, proximal muscles; where mirror neurons are

Question 18

where are UMN found

Answer 18

in the brain

Question 19

where are LMN found

Answer 19

in the spinal cord

Question 20

what does the supplementary motor area do

Answer 20

postural stabilization and coordination

Question 21

cerebral cortex

Answer 21

highest level of motor hierarchy
includes sensorimotor areas, primary motor cortex

Question 22

spinal cord

Answer 22

lowest level of motor hierarchy, receives and integrates somatosensory input from muscles, joints, and skin

Question 23

brainstem

Answer 23

involved in regulation of posture and movement, contain CN nuclei that receive information from head and face and control motor output to head, neck, and face

Question 24

cerebellum

Answer 24

receive info from cortex about motor plan and compares with sensory info from spinal cord and brainstem

Question 25

basal ganglia

Answer 25

receives input from cerebral cortex areas and sends info back to cerebral cortex to modulate

Question 26

what is postural control

Answer 26

ability to maintain a steady position in a weight bearing posture

Question 27

postural alignment

Answer 27

keeping centered around a vertical midline

Question 28

muscle tone

Answer 28

readiness of muscle to shorten/contract

Question 29

postural tone

Answer 29

activation of specific anti-gravity muscles

Question 30

righting reactions

Answer 30

maintain and restore normal position of head in space

Question 31

protective reaction

Answer 31

extension of arms and hands when falling

Question 31

equilibrium reactions

Answer 31

defense of falling help maintain and regain balance with postural alignment

Question 32

coordination

Answer 32

ability to produce accurate, controlled, movement

Question 33

features of coordinated movement

Answer 33

precision, smoothness, appropriate force and tension, rhythm, speed

Question 34

muscle tone

Answer 34

involuntary resistance of movement to passive stretch

Question 35

characteristics of normal tone

Answer 35

ability to move against gravity/resistance, maintain posture, balanced agonist/antagonist

Question 36

flaccidity

Answer 36

complete loss of muscle tone

Question 37

hypotonia

Answer 37

low tone, weak neck, poor muscular co-contraction, limited stability

Question 38

spasticity

Answer 38

hypertonia that can cause abnormal posturing-velocity dependent

Question 39

rigidity

Answer 39

hypertonicity with heightened resistance to passive movement

Question 40

what are UMN

Answer 40

upper motor neurons that convey signals from higher to lower centers- contained in the gray matter of cerebral cortex motor areas and brainstem

Question 41

what are LMN

Answer 41

motor neurons that convey the final output to muscles -contained in the gray matter of the spinal cord0

Question 42

what happens if there is damage to the cerebral cortex

Answer 42

lose the ability to inhibit- message received is altered

Question 43

common signs of UMN problems

Answer 43

weakness or paralysis, spasticity or hyper tonicity, hyperreflexia disuse atrophy

Question 44

common signs of LMN problems

Answer 44

flaccid paralysis (atrophy), fibrillation (muscle twitches), hypotonia, hyporeflexia or areflexia

Question 45

why does fibrillation/fasciculation occur?

Answer 45

UMN are still intact and still try to send signals to LMN

Question 46

decorticate posturing

Answer 46

occurs when lesions occur in the cortial white matter. presents with UE flexion, hands clenched, and LE in extension

Question 47

decerebrate posturing

Answer 47

occurs when lesions occur in mdbrain, pons, or thalamus. UE and LE all extended

Question 48

motor learning

Answer 48

a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the ability for skilled movement