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Neurology - Year 2 > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures involved in strategy of voluntary movements?

A

Association neocortex

Basal ganglion

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2
Q

What are the structures involved in tactics of voluntary movements?

A

Motor cortex

Cerebellum

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3
Q

What are the structures involved in execution of voluntary movements?

A

Brain stem

Spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the function of lateral pathways?

A

Control voluntary movements of distal muscles

Under direct cortical control

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5
Q

What is the functions of ventromedial pathways?

A

Control posture and locomotion

Under brain stem control

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6
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate?

A

2/3 in areas 4 + 6 of frontal motor cortex

Rest is somatosensory

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7
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract cross over?

A

Medulla/spinal cord junction

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8
Q

Where does corticospinal tract axons synapse to control muscles voluntarily?

A

Ventral horn motor neurones

Interneurones

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9
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract start?

A

Red nucleus of the midbrain

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10
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract receive input from?

A

Same cortical areas as the corticospinal tract

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11
Q

What happens when there is lesions to corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts?

A

Fine movements of arms and hands lost

Can’t move shoulders, elbows, wrist and fingers independently

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12
Q

What happens where there is a lesion to the corticospinal tract alone?

A

Same as CST + RST lesion
BUT after few months functions reappear
RST takes over

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13
Q

What is the role of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Stabilises head and neck

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14
Q

What is the role of the tectospinal tract?

A

Ensures eyes remain stable as body moves

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15
Q

Where do pontine and medullary recticulospinal tracts originate?

A

Brain stem

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16
Q

What type of sensory information does the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts use?

A

Balance
Body position
Vision

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17
Q

What is the role of the pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts?

A

Reflexly maintain balance and body position

Innervate trunk and antigravity muscles in limbs

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18
Q

What do voluntary movements require input from?

A

Motor cortex via lateral pathways

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19
Q

What is the role of primary motor cortex and pre-motor areas?

A

Plan and control precise voluntary movements

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20
Q

What do medial lower motor neurones control?

A

Axial and proximal limb muscles

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21
Q

What do lateral lower motor neurones do?

A

Innervate distal limb muscles

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22
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Precentral gyrus

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23
Q

What does the supplementary motor area innervate?

A

Distal motor units directly

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24
Q

What does the premotor area connect with?

A

Reticulospinal neurones innervating proximal motor units

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25
Q

What are the areas of cortex involved in planning and instructing voluntary movement?

A 
Prefrontal cortex
Area 6 (SMA, PMA)
Area 4 
Central sulcus
S1
Posterior parietal cortex (Areas 5 + 7)
26
Q

What does microstimulation in specific area of primary motor cortex induce?

A

Coordinated movements of hand and mouth
OR
Movements that bring hands into central space to inspect/manipulate objects

27
Q

What type of inputs are required to form a mental image of body in space?

A

Somatosensory, propriceptive and visual inputs to the posterior parietal cortex

28
Q

Where are decisions taken about which actions/movements to take and their likely outcome?

A

Prefrontal and parietal cortex

29
Q

How are signals encoding desired actions converted into how to carry this out?

A

Axons from prefrontal and parietal cortex converge on area 6

30
Q

When do PMA mirror neurones fire?

A

When self or others perform specific actions

Allows understanding of actions or intentions of others

31
Q

How is postural instability corrected with a change in body position?

A

Rapid compensatory feedback messages from brainstem vestibular nuclei to spinal cord motor neurons

32
Q

What happens before movements begin to stabilise position?

A

Brainstem reticular formation nuclei initiate feedforward anticipatory adjustments

33
Q

What are the signs of UMN damage?

A 
Flaccidity of contralateral muscles
Increased muscle tone
Hyperactive stretch reflex
Clonus
Loss of fine finger movements
34
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia motor loop?

A

Selects and initiates willed movements

35
Q

Where does the major subcortical input to area 6 come from?

A

Ventral lateral nucleus in dorsal thalamus (VLo)

36
Q

Where does input to the VLo come from?

A

Basal ganglia

37
Q

What are the major components of basal ganglia?

A 
Corpus striatum (caudate + putamen) = input zone
Corticostriatal pathway
38
Q

What do the medium spiny neurones in the putamen and caudate receive?

A

Excitatory (glutamatergic) cortical inputs on dendrites

39
Q

When does the putamen fire?

A

Before limb/trunk movements

40
Q

When does the caudate fire?

A

Before eye movements

41
Q

What type of pathway connects the cortex to the putamen?

A

Excitatory pathway

42
Q

What type of pathway connects the putamen to the globus pallidus?

A

Inhibitory

43
Q

What type of pathway connects the globus pallidus to the VLo neurones?

A

Inhibitory

44
Q

What type of pathway connects VLo back to the SMA?

A

Excitatory

45
Q

What do globus pallidus neurones do at rest?

A

They are spontaneously active and inhibit VLo

46
Q

What does cortical excitation do?

A

Excites putamen which inhibits the inhibitory globus pallidus = releases cells in VLo from inhibition so activity in VLo boosts SMA activity

47
Q

What does the direct pathway through the basal ganglia act as?

A

Positive feedback loop
‘GO’ signal to SMA in cortex
Enhances initiation of movements by SMA

48
Q

What is the role of the indirect pathway through the basal ganglia?

A

Antagonises the direct route
Striatum inhibits external GP which inhibits both internal GP and subthalamic nuclei
Cortex excites STN = excites GPi = inhibits thalamus

49
Q

What is the purpose of the direct pathway through the basal ganglia?

A

Selects specific motor actions

50
Q

What is the purpose of the indirect pathway through the basal ganglia?

A

Suppresses competing/inappropriate action

51
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

Slowness
Difficult to make voluntary movements
Increased muscle tone
Tremors of hand and jaw

52
Q

What causes hypokinesia?

A

Degeneration of neurones in substantia nigra and their dopaminergic inputs to the striatum

53
Q

What is the role of dopamine?

A

Enhances cortical inputs through the ‘direct’ pathway and suppress inputs through ‘indirect’ pathway

54
Q

What happens to dopamine in Parkinsons?

A

Depleted which closes down activation of the focussed motor activities that funnel through the thalamus to the SMA

55
Q

What does Huntington’s disease involve?

A

Hyperkinesia
Dementia
Personality disorders

56
Q

What is characteristic chorea?

A

Spontaneous, uncontrolled, rapid flicks and major movements with no purpose

57
Q

What causes characteristic chorea?

A

Profound loss of caudate, putamen and globus pallidus

58
Q

How does lesions to the cerebellum affect movement?

A

Produces uncoordinated inaccurate movements

59
Q

What areas make up a part of the huge cortico-ponto-cerebellar projection?

A

Layer 5
Areas 4 + 6
Somatosensory cortex

60
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in movement?

A

Instructs direction, timing and force of movement

Neurology - Year 2 (12 decks)

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