Motor Development

Question 1

What is motor development?

Answer 1

Evolution of changes in motor behavior occurring as a result of growth, maturation, and experience

Question 2

What is the Neural-Maturationist theories (nature)?

Answer 2

Genetically predetermined and neurologically driven (primitive reflexes are building blocks of development)

Question 3

What drives development in the Neural-Maturationist theories?

Answer 3

Brain and CNS

Question 4

What is development in the Neural-Maturationist theories?

Answer 4

Linear, predictable, focuses on milestones

Question 5

How is motor delay interpreted in the Neural-Maturationist theories?

Answer 5

Undue influence of lower level brainstem on the infants movement

Question 6

What is the cognitive theories (Nurture)?

Answer 6

Experience drives development (trial and error)

Question 7

How are voluntary movements learned in the cognitive theories ?

Answer 7

From interacting with environment

Question 8

How is motor delay interpreted in the cognitive theories ?

Answer 8

Lack of exploration through sensorimotor system

Question 9

What is the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 9

Multiple systems engage to affect change (non linear)

Question 10

What are the three parts of the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 10

Individual

Environment

Task

Question 11

How are motor skills learned in the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 11

Through adaptation

Question 12

How is motor delay interpreted in the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 12

Constraints in impairments limiting motor behavior

Question 13

What are the other aspects of movement other than motor/MSK?

Answer 13

Knowledge of the world (cognition)

How one can affect the world (adaptive skills)

Exchange of ideas (language)

Connections to others (social)

Question 14

What are the extrinsic factors that influence child development?

Answer 14

Body mass

Nutrition

MSK system factors

Cultural differences

Task demands

Question 15

What are the intrinsic factors that influence child development?

Answer 15

Cognitive and behavioral factors (arousal, motivation, memory, prior experience)

Sensory factors (vision, vestibular, somatosensory)

Question 16

What is postural control/balance?

Answer 16

Controlling the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation

Question 17

What is postural orientation?

Answer 17

Ability to maintain an appropriate relationship within the body segments and between the body and environment

Question 18

What is postural stability?

Answer 18

Ability to control the COM relative to BOS

Question 19

What is the center of mass?

Answer 19

Point that is at the center of total body mass

Question 20

What is the center of gravity?

Answer 20

Vertical projection of COM

Question 21

What is the base of support?

Answer 21

Area of the body that is in contact with the support surface

Question 22

What three body systems contribute to postural control?

Answer 22

Sensory

MSK

Motor control

Question 23

What is the righting response?

Answer 23

Head righting for gaze stabilization and orientation of environment (rolling to left causes righting to right)

Question 24

What is the order of the equilibrium response in sitting?

Answer 24

Pelvis, torso, head, UE protective response

Question 25

What is the order of directions in the equilibrium response in sitting?

Answer 25

Anterior, side, posterior

Question 26

What is the order of the equilibrium response in standing?

Answer 26

Ankle, hip, torso, LE stepping response

Question 27

What is reactive postural adjustments?

Answer 27

Response to sensory feedback from an external perturbation (emerges before anticipatory postural adjustments)

Question 28

What is anticipatory postural adjustments?

Answer 28

Anticipatory postural adjustments in preparation of voluntary movement

Question 29

What are some examples of reactive postural adjustments?

Answer 29

Peers bumping into at school Family dog bumping into you

Question 30

What are some examples of anticipatory postural adjustments?

Answer 30

Kicking a ball Reaching for an object

Question 31

What makes postural control and balance unique in pediatrics?

Answer 31

Constant adaptation (stages of development) Growth Sensory system development

Question 32

When do children achieve adult like directionally specific postural control strategies?

Answer 32

7-10 years

Question 33

When do children achieve sway in standing adult like levels?

Answer 33

12-15 years

Question 34

How do children development?

Answer 34

Top down Proximal to distal Stability before instability

Question 35

Do children acquire skills linearly?

Answer 35

No they can acquire skills in different orders and may even skip some skills

Question 36

What is a precursor to all other gross motor skills?

Answer 36

Head control

Question 37

What is head control strongly associated with?

Answer 37

Vision and eye control

Question 38

What are the 3 stages of sitting?

Answer 38

Upright head and torso when supported in sitting Sits independently briefly with poor controlled equilibrium responses Sits independently well with efficient postural control

Question 39

What is early mobility in children driven by?

Answer 39

Desire to access environment

Question 40

What does sitting lead to?

Answer 40

Bimanual exploration

Question 41

What does object manipulation lead to?

Answer 41

Learning size, shape, and weight

Question 42

What does mobility lead to?

Answer 42

Social, communication, and cognitive development

Question 43

What stage are children at when they are newborn?

Answer 43

Physiological flexion

Question 44

What are some characteristics of newborns?

Answer 44

No head lifting in prone Unable to keep head in midline in supine Reflexive standing and stepping

Question 45

What stage are children when they are 3 months old?

Answer 45

Prone on elbows

Question 46

What are some characteristics of a 3 month old?

Answer 46

Holds head up in prone Holds head in midline in supine Starts to bring hands together Does not weight bear when held in supported standing

Question 47

What is the key milestone at 6 months?

Answer 47

Independent sitting

Question 48

What are some characteristics of a 6 months old?

Answer 48

Gains head control Cannot move in and out of sitting Plays with feet in supine Weight bears in supported standing

Question 49

What is the key milestone of a 9 month old?

Answer 49

Creeping in quadruped

Question 50

What are some characteristics of a 9 month old?

Answer 50

Transition in and out of sitting well May begin to pull to stand at furniture

Question 51

What is the key milestone of a 12 month old?

Answer 51

Independent standing and first steps

Question 52

What are some characteristics of a 12 month old?

Answer 52

Transition in and out of standing without furniture Beginning to squat

Question 53

How does reaching begin in children?

Answer 53

With ballistic strategies

Question 54

When does vision begin to influence reaching in children?

Answer 54

Between 5-9 months

Question 55

How do children reach at first?

Answer 55

With both arms

Question 56

What develops first a fisted hand or open hand?

Answer 56

Fisted hand

Question 57

What develops first a volitional grasp or volitional release?

Answer 57

Volitional grasp

Question 58

What develops first a ulnar grasp or radial grasp?

Answer 58

Ulnar grasp

Question 59

What develops first a gross control or fine control?

Answer 59

Gross control

Question 60

Slide 7 on part 4 of motor development (look at table)

Question 61

What develops first a radial palmar grasp or radial digital grasp?

Answer 61

Radial palmar grasp

Question 62

What develops first an inferior pincer grasp or superior pincer grasp?

Answer 62

Inferior pincer grasp

Question 63

How is anticipatory control of the hand at 5 months?

Answer 63

Begin to shape their hand in anticipation of size

Question 64

How is anticipatory control of the hand at 8 months?

Answer 64

Use of vision to orient their hand prior to grasp