Motor Disorders

Question 1

Where is the cerebellum located?

Answer 1

In the posterior cranial fossa at the back of the brain

Question 2

How is the cerebellum separated from the occipital and parietal lobes?

Answer 2

By the tenorium cerebelli

Question 3

How is the cerebellum seperated from the pons?

Answer 3

By the 4th ventricle

Question 4

Where does the cerebellum have an important role?

Answer 4

In motor control and coordination

Question 5

What does the cerebellum consist of?

Answer 5

The vermis (midline) and two lateral hemispheres

Question 6

What is the role of the vermis?

Answer 6

It regulates the trunk musculature

Question 7

What is the role of the lateral cerebellar hemispheres?

Answer 7

They regulate distal structures, i.e. the limbs

Question 8

Are tracts ipsilateral or contralateral in the cerebellum?

Answer 8

Ipsilateral

Question 9

How does the cerebellum communicate with the brainstem?

Answer 9

Via the cerebellar peduncles

Question 10

What are the names of the cerebellar peduncles?

Answer 10

• Superior
• Middle
• Inferior

Question 11

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle attach?

Answer 11

The cerebellum to the midbrain

Question 12

What does the middle cerebellular peduncle attach?

Answer 12

The cerebellum to the pons

Question 13

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle attach?

Answer 13

The cerebellum to the medulla (ps I changed this one Mollie, thank me later x)

Question 14

What can midline lesions of the cerebellum cause?

Answer 14

Truncal ataxia and abnormal gait

Question 15

What can extension of midline lesions of the cerebellum cause?

Answer 15

• 4th cranial nerve lesions
• Ipsilateral arm tremors
• Compression of the 4th ventricle
• Hydrocephalus

Question 16

Where do cerebellular hemisphere lesions cause symptoms?

Answer 16

Ipsilaterally

Question 17

What are the symptoms of cerebellar hemisphere lesions?

Answer 17

• Dysdiadochokinesis
• Ataxia
• Nystagmus
• Intention tremor
• Scanning dysarthria
• Heel-shin test positivity

Question 18

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 18

The area of the brain known to be involved in motor function

Question 19

What are the important structures in the basal ganglia?

Answer 19

• Caudate nucleus
• Lentiform nucleus
• Substantia nigra

Question 20

What is the lentiform nucleus made up of?

Answer 20

• Putamen
• Globus pallidus externa
• Globus pallidus interna

Question 21

What is the substantia nigra made up of?

Answer 21

• Pars compacta
• Pars reticularis

Question 22

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 22

It stimulates motor activity in the cerebral cortex

Question 23

What does the output of the basal ganglia travel via?

Answer 23

The thalamus

Question 24

What kind of neurones are most of those in the striatum?

Answer 24

GABAergic

Question 25

What is the substantia nigra made up of?

Answer 25

* Pigmented neurones called the pars compacta dorsally * Ventral strip called the pars reticularis

Question 26

What kind of neurones are found in the substantia nigra pars compacta?

Answer 26

Dopaminergic

Question 27

How is the circuiraty of the basal ganglia arranged?

Answer 27

In direct and indirect pathways, *to the thalamus*

Question 28

What is the overall net effect of the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia?

Answer 28

Thalamic stimulation of the motor cortex

Question 29

How can basal ganglia disorders manifest?

Answer 29

* Abnormal motor control * Altered posture * Affects muscle tone * Dyskinesia

Question 30

What is Parkinsons disease?

Answer 30

A chronic, progressive movement disorder

Question 31

What is Parkinsons disease characterised by?

Answer 31

Triad of bradykinesia, tremor, and ridigity

Question 32

What is the pathological process in Parkinsons disease?

Answer 32

Degeneration of the substantia nigra causes deficiency of dopamine

Question 33

Other than the characteristic triad, what are the features associated with Parkinsons disease?

Answer 33

* Hypophonia * Reduced facial expression * Micrographia * Dementia * Depression

Question 34

What is Huntingtons disease?

Answer 34

A progressive neurological disorder

Question 35

What is the inheritence pattern of Huntingtons disease?

Answer 35

Autosomal dominant

Question 36

When is the onset of Huntingtons disease?

Answer 36

30-50 years

Question 37

What are the symptoms of Huntingtons disease?

Answer 37

* Chorea * Dystonia * Incoordination * Cognitive decline * Behavioural difficulties

Question 38

What is the pathological process of Huntingtons disease?

Answer 38

Associated with cell loss within the basal ganglia and cortex