Motor Learning

Question 1

Cognitive stage of learning

Answer 1

In the earliest stage, beginners gain some basic understanding, some simple cognitive problems but me addressed, such as understanding the basics of playing the game/ technique.

Question 2

Associative stage of learning

Answer 2

This intermediate stage can be considered the phase in which learners begin to refine the skills. Learners develop an awareness of the mistakes they are making, which leads to fewer, and less pronounced, errors.

Question 3

Autonomous stage of learning

Answer 3

In this mature stage, a skill becomes, as the name suggests, automatic. The person is able to “just do it” while concentrating on highly refined

Question 4

Preparatory movements (setup) and mental set

Answer 4

This stage includes the motions and mental processes that an athlete goes through when setting up and getting ready to perform.

Question 5

Force-producing movements

Answer 5

The specific actions that an athlete uses to generate force in the correct amount, over the correct range, and time period, and in the correct sequence.

Question 6

Critical instant

Answer 6

The climax of the skill. This is the pinnacle of the action which the athlete is trying to achieve.

Question 7

Follow through (recovery)

Answer 7

Recovery occurs immediately after the critical instant. The follow through acts to safely dissipate the force of these actions

Question 8

Types of feedback

Answer 8

Knowledge of performance: is feedback related to the way in which a specific skill is performed. It gives feedback on the quality of execution of the skill and may come from either intrinsic or extrinsic sources.

Eg comment from the coach about the foot placement during a kick in soccer

Knowledge of results refers to how successfully a skill is performed. It is always external feedback and may come from sources such as a coach, spectators or teammates.

Examples of knowledge of results may be how many goals were scored per number of attempts, or what distance was covered in javelin.

Question 9

Psychological skill training

Answer 9

Self-Talk: script for athletes to recite before competition; positive
Imagery: visualize success; images of triumphs; use all senses
Relaxation: breathing control exercises; meditation; range of changes in ANS