Motor Learning

Question 1

what is motor learning?

Answer 1

an individual learns or modifies a task

the method used to learn new movements

changes in internal process that determines the capability to produce a motor task

increases with practice and and relatively stable levels of the person’s motor performance

Question 2

what are the 2 forms of long term memory?

Answer 2

explicit and implicit

Question 3

what is explicit memory (declarative)?

Answer 3

facts and events

Question 4

what is implicit memory (nondeclarative)?

Answer 4

nonassociative learning (habituation and sensitization)

associative learning (classical and operant conditioning)

procedural learning (skills and habits)

Question 5

does habituation cause an increase or decrease in behavior?

Answer 5

decrease

Question 6

does sensitization cause an increase or decrease in responsiveness?

Answer 6

increased

Question 7

what is classic conditioning?

Answer 7

a learned response from pairing two stimuli

Question 8

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 8

trial and error learning

rewarded behavior is repeated

Question 9

what is procedural learning?

Answer 9

learning that can become automatic with repetitions

without attention or conscious thought

becomes a habit

Question 10

what is declarative memory?

Answer 10

ability to remember factual knowledge

consciously recalled info

awareness, attention, and reflection

Question 11

what is Adam’s closed loop theory?

Answer 11

looks at the role of feedback and its impact on movement

movements are performed by comparing ongoing movement w/an internal reference of correctness that is developed during practice (“that just doesn’t feel right”)

Question 12

what is Schmidt’s theory (open loop)?

Answer 12

learning in one way may not be transferrable so you should practice action in lots of dif way under many dif conditions

recall and recognition schemas

Question 13

what is the recall schema?

Answer 13

used to select a method to complete task

the learner stores the schema and recalls it for the next time

Question 14

what is the recognition schema?

Answer 14

how well motor behavior is performed

once a schema is established, recognition of the schema is used to produce an estimate of sensory consequences

Question 15

what are the practice conditions?

Answer 15

massed vs. distributed

random vs. blocked (contextual interference)

constant vs. variable

whole vs. part

mental practice

transfer

Question 16

what is massed practice in rehab?

Answer 16

repetition of skills

more practice than rest time

Question 17

what is distributed practice?

Answer 17

amount of rest =/> amount of time practicing skill

Question 18

what kind of practice is being described?
- retention is worse at first
- better long term retention of skills

Answer 18

random practice

Question 19

what kind of practice is being described?
- better retention in the beginning
- worse long term retention of skills

Answer 19

blocked practice

Question 20

what is variable practice?

Answer 20

variability increases ability to adapt and generalize learning

results in better long term learning and transfer

Question 21

what is task analysis?

Answer 21

practicing parts in isolation

Question 22

t/f: mental practice can enhance physical practice

Answer 22

true

Question 23

what is mental practice?

Answer 23

ask the patient to visual the movement before trying to complete it

Question 24

t/f: physical practice is better than just mental imagery

Answer 24

true

Question 25

what is a helpful skill to use in breaks bw exercises for patient who fatigue easily?

Answer 25

mental practice

Question 26

how can you make a task more transferable?

Answer 26

make the environment similar to their home environment

Question 27

t/f: mental practice enhances long term memory

Answer 27

true

Question 28

what is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 28

internal feedback the pt is getting somatosensory, proprioception, visual

Question 29

what is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 29

what we ask the patients to do (verbal or manual) can be concurrent, intermittent, faded, or mirror therapy

Question 30

what is terminal feedback?

Answer 30

summarized at the end of performance knowledge of results knowledge of performance

Question 31

what is knowledge of results?

Answer 31

"you did the task well"

Question 32

what is knowledge of performance?

Answer 32

"you didn't keep your arms straight" "you were looking at your feet while walking"

Question 33

what is intermittent feedback?

Answer 33

giving feedback spread out throughout a visit

Question 34

what is faded feedback?

Answer 34

giving more feedback in the beginning, then reeling it back

Question 35

is intermittent or faded feedback better for long term carryover?

Answer 35

faded feedback

Question 36

what are the Fitts and Posner 3 stages of learning?

Answer 36

cognitive: earlier learning that involves more conscious thinking associative: refining skills, less variability autonomous: don't pay much attention to the details and can add in other components (talking on the phone while walking)

Question 37

what are the therapeutic considerations of learning?

Answer 37

the learning environment arousal and attention motivation and meaning instruction and guidance feedback: types and selection practice: types and organization

Question 38

what are some learning changes related to aging?

Answer 38

performance skills that are time related or depend on reaction times are most challenged influence of pain and poor health influence of co-impairments

Question 39

what is the process of learning during infancy?

Answer 39

engagement exploration postural adaptability subsystem integration cognitive development in concert with sensorimotor development skill mastery

Question 40

what is the process of learning during childhood?

Answer 40

play is a child’s work children do appear to learn on a continuum but bridging between stages and processing does occur: learning is very fluent children of different ages, experience levels, and ability have different developmental tasks, skills, and strategies role of practice role of feedback

Question 41

what is the process of learning in early childhood?

Answer 41

exploration expanded into investigation increased capacity to process information with more efficiency exploratory play shifting into more constructive pursuits with interest in outcomes practice learning about social systems, roles, group processes, autonomy and decision making. Self-absorption gives way to increased social skills thinking and reasoning develop

Question 42

what is the process of learning throughout mid and late childhood?

Answer 42

refinement in perceptual skills interpersonal skills expand with focus broadened to include groups and peers emergence of higher-level mastery in all domains importance of recognition and acceptance

Question 43

what are some strategies for teaching children related to motor learning?

Answer 43

importance of context motivation encourage creative behaviors and allows for flexibility for generation of a movement response instructions modeling practice!!!!

Question 44

what are some strategies for adult learners?

Answer 44

problem solving approach to learning real life situations are main motivators value the immediate application of learned info individual learning style practice feedback flexibility

Question 45

what are important factors to consider in adults learners?

Answer 45

readiness influence of environmental factors importance of intrinsic motivation positive reinforcement need for organized presentation of material enhancement by repetition meaningfulness of tasks active participation

Question 46

what learning deficits may be present in older adults?

Answer 46

sequence motor learning deficits learning new technologies learning effortfull bimanual coordination patterns w/presevered/enhanced use of augmentated feedback

Question 47

what is the Singer 5 step strategy?

Answer 47

readying imaging focusing executing evaluation