Quiz 2 Flashcards
(286 cards)
1
Q
what is an isometric exercise?
A
contraction with no length change
2
Q
what is a concentric exercise?
A
contraction against gravity with the muscle getting shorter
3
Q
is concentric contraction positive or negative work?
A
positive work bc motion is produced by the muscle
4
Q
what is an eccentric exercise?
A
contraction with gravity where the muscle is getting longer
5
Q
is eccentric contraction positive or negative work?
A
negative work bc the external force is responsible for motion done by the muscle
6
Q
what is an isokinetic exercise?
A
constant rate of movement
zero acceleration
usually can’t generate this contraction and have to use a machine
7
Q
in isometrics, muscle torque is _____ the load torque
A
=
8
Q
in concentrics, muscle torque is ____ the load torque
A
>
9
Q
in eccentrics, muscle torque is ____ the load torque
A
<
10
Q
predicting muscles function is simple when….
A
proximal attachment is stabilized
distal attachment moves towards proximal (often OKC)
distal segment moves against gravity (concentric)
acceleration activity
3rd class lever
muscle provides a moving force
11
Q
muscles often function as follows:
A
proximal attachments moves towards distal attachment (often CKC)
distal segment motion may be assisted by gravity (eccentric)
deceleration activity
2nd class lever
muscle provides a resistance force
12
Q
what are type 1 muscle fibers
A
slow twitch
fatigue resistant
small amount of forces
13
Q
what are type 2a fibers?
A
fast twitch
oxidative
mix of 1 and 2b
14
Q
what are type 2b muscles fibers?
A
fast twitch
glycolytic
least fatigue resistance
good for explosive movements and large force generations
15
Q
how do muscles fibers change as you age?
A
there is a preferential loss of type 2 fibers
16
Q
what are postural muscles?
A
muscles that maintain posture
17
Q
what type of fibers are postural muscles?
A
type 1
18
Q
what muscles are postural muscles?
A
trunk extensors, abdominal muscles, hamstrings, quads, glutes, cervical flexors, delts, soleus
19
Q
what are phasic muscles
A
muscles that contract rapidly and generate a lot of fibers
20
Q
what type of fiber are phasic muscles?
A
type 2
21
Q
what muscles are phasic muscles?
A
gastrocs, biceps, upper extremity flexors
22
Q
what is an agonist?
A
prime mover
23
Q
what is an antagonist?
A
muscle that produces opposite actions of the prime mover and resist movement if activated
usually reciprocal inhibition of antagonist or co-contraction
24
Q
what is a synergist muscle?
A
muscles that helps the agonist action
25
what are the 2 subcategories of synergists?
stabilizers and neutralizers
26
what are stabilizers?
muscles that stabilize the proximal jt for distal jt movement
usually act isometrically
27
what are neutralizers
muscles that stop unwanted movement of the agonist
28
what is co-contraction?
muscles contracting together to stabilize a limb so that the distal movement can occur
29
what are the 8 factors that affect muscles strength/performance?
1. muscle size
2. architecture of muscle fibers
3. passive components of the muscle
4. physiological length of the muscles/length-tension relationship of the muscle
5. moment arm length
6. speed of muscle contraction
7. active tension
8. age and gender
30
how does muscle size affect muscle strength/performance?
shorter=stability
longer=mobility
hypertrophy adds fibers in parallel making a wider stronger muscle
atrophy causes loss of muscles bulk and strength
31
what are fusiform muscles?
fascicles are long and parallel
limited force generating capabilities
very good at shortening muscles distance
32
what is an example of a fusiform muscles in the body?
sartorius
33
what are pennate muscles?
parallel fibers attach at oblique angle to a common tendon
shorter muscles
greater force producing capabilities
34
what is a uni-pennate muscle?
one group of fibers attaching to 1 common tendon
35
what is a bi-pennate muscle?
2 groups of fibers heading to one common tendon
36
what is a multipennate muscle?
more than 2 groups of fibers on multiple tendons
37
what are some examples of bi-pennate muscles in the body?
gastrocs, rectus femoris, dorsal head of interossei of hands
38
what is an example of a multi-pennate muscle in the body?
the deltoids
39
do fusiform or pennate muscles have greater force generating capabilities?
pennate muscles
40
what are the passive components of muscles?
parallel elastic component
length tension relationship
series elastic component
41
what is the parallel elastic component of muscle?
passive components are arranged in parallel to muscle fibers that passively shorten and lengthen with the muscle
42
what are the fascicle layers?
epimesium, perimesium, and endomysium
43
what is the length tension relationship component of muscles?
the greatest tension for optimal force generation is b/w 80-120% of resting muscle length
passive tension only exists past 100% resting length, so a slightly stretches muscles will have the greatest force producing capabilities
44
t/f: passive tension only exists past 100% resting length
true!
45
what is the series elastic component of muscles?
the arrangement is tendon-muscle-tendon attached in series
tendons don't contract, they just get pulled on when muscle length changes
46
what is the moment arm component of muscles?
100% muscles force rotates the jt when the insertion is parallel to the bone segment
angle of insertion influences torque
more extension=mostly compression and some rotation
lots of flexion=little rotation, mostly distraction
more than 90 deg, less than 120 deg=50/50 rotation/distraction
47
what is age and gender component of muscle?
both girls and boys have similar grip strength until puberty, when boys tend to gain greater grip strength
peak 20-30 followed by gradual decrease in both sexes
has a lot to do with hormones
48
what is functional excursion?
muscles having a sufficient amount of length to complete activities
49
70% of resting muscles length is the muscle's ability to ____
shorten
50
what are the 2 components of muscles excursion?
active and passive insufficiency
51
what is active insufficiency?
the inability of a multi joint muscle to shorten simulataneously at all jts.
52
what is an example of active insufficiency in the body?
weak grip resulting from wrist and fingers flexion bc the muscles are maximally shortened
53
active insufficiency position for 1 muscle will put the antagonist in _____ _______ position
passive insufficiency
54
why can't muscles contract anymore in active insufficiency?
there's no room to create more cross bridges
55
what is passive insufficiency?
inability of a multijoint muscle to lengthen simultaneously at all joints
56
why can't muscles lengthen anymore in passive insufficiency?
bc there is no overlap b/w actin and myosin
57
what is an example of passive insufficiency in the body?
when you can't extend your fingers as much with the wrist also extended
58
when a muscle is in passive insufficiency, the antagonist is in _____ ______
active insufficiency
59
muscle end range is ...
passive
60
muscle function is ...
active
61
what is a tenodesis grip?
when the wrist is fully flexed, the fingers extend and when the wrist is fully extended the fingers flex
this can be used when there is wrist function available but not finger function in order to grip things
62
what is the function of the shoulder complex?
to place and move the UE in space for function
63
what are the bones of the shoulder complex?
sternum, scapula, clavicle, and humerus
64
what are the 4 joints of the shoulder complex?
SC joint
AC joint
GH joint
sternothoracic joint
65
what is the only bony attachment of the UE to the axial skeleton?
the SC joint
66
the long axis of the clavicle is about ____deg to the frontal plane
20
67
why is the clavicle 20 deg to the frontal plane?
the angle increased GH mobility to permit greater reaching and climbing motion
68
what is the functional significance of the scapula?
placement of the glenoid fossa
mechanical advantages
arm elevation
69
what is the function of the glenoid fossa labrum?
to deepen the concave surface
increase congruency and contact area to decrease pressure and improved shock absorption
70
what is the function of bursa?
cushion, lubrication, decrease friction, smoother scap movement
71
what kind of joint is the SC joint?
a sellar (saddle) jt with 3 DF
72
is the SC jt a synovial joint?
yes
73
t/f: almost all US motion impact the SC jt
true
74
what are the 2 ways the SC is divided?
b/w the disc and clavicle
b/w the disc and sternum
75
describe the surfaces of the SC joint
both surfaces have a concave and a convex portion
76
the manubrium is convex on the ____ axis and concave on the _____ axis
AP, vertical
77
how many DF does the SC joint have?
3
78
what are the motions of the SC joint?
elevation-depression (frontal plane, z axis)
protraction-retraction
(transverse plane, y axis)
transverse rotation
(long axis)
79
describe the roll and glide of the SC joint with elevation
superior roll
inferior glide
(opposite directions bc the convex clavicle is moving on the concave manubrium
80
describe the roll and glide for the SC joint with depression
inferior roll
superior glide
(opposite directions bc the convex clavicle is moving on the concave manubrium)
81
describe the roll and glide of the SC joint with retraction
posterior roll and glide
(same direction bc the concave clavicle is moving on the convex sternum
82
retraction is limited by the ____ SC ligament
anterior
83
protraction is limited by the ____ SC ligament
posterior
84
describe the roll and glide of the SC joint with protraction
anterior roll and glide
85
what type of cartilage is the articular disc of the SC joint?
hyaline
86
what is the function of the articular disc of the SC joint?
shock absorption, congruency, prevents clavicle from sliding over the manubrium
87
the anterior and posterior SC ligaments protect against what direction of stresses?
anterior-posterior
88
what motions do the anterior and posterior SC ligaments restrict?
protraction and retraction
89
what is the function of the interclavicular SC ligament?
it prevents upward displacement
90
what is the function of the costoclavicular ligament?
to restrict elevation, transverse and AP rotation
91
what muscles stabilize the SC joint?
sternothyroid, sternohyoid, SCM, and subclavius muscles
92
what is the role of the SCM muscle?
it reinforces the SC jt capsule and ligaments
93
SCM
O: sternal head and clavicular head
I: mastoid process
A: shoulder elevation, anterior flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation in the opposite direction
N: accessory nerve
94
what is torticollis?
paralysis/tightness of the SCM due to womb positioning or difficulty in labor usually with no neuro symptoms
95
t/f: the shape of the clavicle and rotation improves scapular elevation
true!
96
the clavicle rotates _____ when elevating the arm over 90 deg of shoulder elevation
posteriorly
97
what kind of jt is the AC jt?
a plane synovial joint
98
t/f: there is not much movement at the AC joint
true
99
what kind of cartilage lines the AC joint?
fibrocartilage
100
the acromial end of the AC jt faces ____ and _____
medially, superiorly
101
the clavicular end of the AC jt faces ____ and ____
laterally, inferiorly
102
what is the function of the AC jt?
position modifier/fine tuner of GH movement
103
how many DF does the AC jt have?
3
104
what are the osteokinematics motions of the AC jt?
elevation-depression
protraction-retraction
upward-downward rotation
105
what is the function of the coracoclavicular ligaments?
prevent superior dislocation of the AC jt
produce rotation of the clavicle and limits rotation of the scap
106
what are the 2 coracoclavicular ligaments?
trapezoid (lateral) and coracoid (medial) ligaments
107
what muscles stabilize the AC jt?
deltoids and upper trap
108
t/f: the scapulothoracic jt is not an anatomic jt
true
109
what are the functions of the scapulothoracic jt?
increase shoulder ROM
maintain favorable length-tension relationship for the delts above 90 deg to optimize shoulder stability
provide GH stability by maintaining jt alignment
injury prevention through shock absorption
permit elevation of the body in CKC
110
what are the osteokinematic motions of the scapulothoracic jt?
scapular elevation-depression
scapular protraction-retraction
scapular upward-downward rotation
scapular tilt
111
t/f: the scapula gets more elevation motion than depression motion?
true
112
does the scapula get more protraction or retraction?
protraction
113
where is the scapular plane?
about 40 deg anterior to the frontal plane
114
with upward rotation, what are the SC and AC jt motions?
SC-elevation
AC-rotate upward and anterior
115
anterior scapular tilt creates what SC and AC jt motions?
anterior rotation
116
posterior scapular tilt creates what SC and AC jt motions?
posterior rotation
117
what are the muscles stabilizing the scapula?
traps, levator scap, rhomboids, serratus anterior, pec minor
118
upper trap
O: occiput, ligament nuchae
I: outer 1/3 clavicle, acromion
A: scapular elevation and upward rotation
N: accessory
119
middle trap
O: C7-T3 spinous processes
I: scapular spine
A: scapular retraction
N: accessory
120
lower trap
O: mid-low thoracic spinous processes
I: base of scapular spine
A: scapular depression and upward rotation
N: accessory
121
levator scapula
O: C1-4 transverse processes
I: vertebral border of the scapula b/w the spine and superior angle
A: scapular elevation and downward rotation
N: dorsal scapular
122
rhomboids
O: C7-T5 spinous processes
I: vertebral border scapula b/w spine and inferior angle
A: scapular retraction and downward rotation
N: dorsal scapular
123
serratus anterior
O: lateral surface of 1st 8 ribs
I: anterior surface of vertebral border of scap
A: scapular protraction and upward rotation
N: long thoracic
124
what muscle is weakened in scapular winging?
the serratus anterior
125
what is the force couple of upward scapular rotation?
the upper trap pulls up on the lateral margin of the scap
the lower trap pulls downward on the scap spine
the serratus anterior pulls up on the inferior angle/lateral margin of the scap
126
pec minor
O: anterior surface of ribs 3-5
I: coracoid process
A: scapular depression, downward rotation, and scapular tilt
N: medial pectoral
127
what is the force couple of downward rotation of the scapula?
the levator scap pull up on the medial superior border of the scap
the rhomboids pulls up on the medial inferior border of the scapula
the pec minor pulls down on the lateral border of the scapula
128
what are the prime movers of scapular elevation?
upper trap
levator scap
rhomboids
129
what are the prime movers of scapular depression?
lower trap
pec minor
lower serratus anterior
130
what are the prime movers of scapular protraction?
serratus anterior
pec minor
131
what are the prime movers of scapular upward rotation?
upper trap
lower trap
serratus anterior
132
what are the prime movers of scapular downward rotation?
levator scap
rhomboids
pec minor
133
what is the prime mover of scapular tilt?
pec minor
134
what are the prime movers of scapular retraction?
mid trap
rhomboids
135
what kind of jt is the GH jt?
synovial ball and socket jt
136
the GH joint is mostly for providing mobility or stability?
mobility
137
how many DF does the GH jt have?
3
138
what are the osteokinematic motions of the GH jt?
flexion-extension
(sag, x)
abduction-adduction
(front, z)
medial-lateral rotation
(tran, y)
horizontal abduction-adduction
(tran, y)
139
does the humeral head face slightly forward or backward?
backward (retroverted)
140
how does the humerus face?
retroverted, up, and medially
141
what is the role of the rostral/caudal rotation of the humerus?
so the humerus can resist greater twisting forces
puts the elbow in the appropriate angle
142
what is the function of the soft tissue at the GH jt?
to put the hand where it needs to be
143
what are the ligaments of the GH jt?
glenohumeral
coracohumeral
coracoacromial
144
what is the significance of the coracoacromial arch and ligament?
it provides a very small space for tendons including the rotator cuff tendons to pass through
it has an increased tendency to get swollen and causes subacromial impingement
145
how many bursae are at the GH joint?
8
146
what is the function of negative pressure at the GH jt?
it keeps the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa in addition to the muscle activity
147
what is a location of weakness in the GH j capsule?
the foramen of Weitbrecht
148
what is the foramen of Weitbrecht?
an area of weakness of the GH capsule and frequent site of anterior dislocation of the humerus
149
what is normal flexion at the GH jt?
180 deg
150
what is normal extension at the GH jt?
65 deg (passive)
80 deg (active)
151
what is the normal abduction at the GH jt?
180 deg
152
what is normal internal rotation at the GH jt?
70 deg
153
what is normal external rotation at the GH jt?
90 deg
154
what is OPP of the GH jt?
20-30 deg horizontal abduction
55 deg flexion
155
what is CPP of the GH jt?
full abduction
full lateral rotation
156
what OPP of the SC jt?
arm resting at the side
157
what is CPP of the SC jt?
arm in full elevation
158
what is OPP of the AC jt?
arm resting at the side
159
what is CPP of the AC jt?
arm at 90 deg abduction
160
what is scapulohumeral rhythm?
for every 1 degree of scap motion there is 2 degrees of GH motion after 30 degrees of abduction
161
when does scapular motion kick in in abduction?
after the 1st 30 deg
162
what scapular motions accompany GH flexion?
upward rotation
pronation
elevation
163
what scapular motions accompany GH extension?
downward rotation
retraction
depression
164
what scapular motions accompany GH abduction?
upward rotation
elevation
maybe protraction???
165
what scapular motions accompany GH adduction?
downward rotation
depression
maybe retraction????
166
what scapular motions accompany GH lateral rotation?
retraction
167
what scapular motions accompany GH medial rotation?
protraction
168
what scapular motions accompany GH horizontal abduction?
retraction
169
what scapular motions accompany GH horizontal adduction?
protraction
170
what is the function of the rotator cuff?
to depress the humeral head into the glenoid fossa
provide GH motion
171
what is the only SITS muscles that inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
subscap
172
supraspinatus
O: supraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle
A: stabilize GH jt, GH abduction
N: suprascapular
173
how is the supraspinatus palpated?
in prone with the arm off the table
small bursts of abduction
174
what is the supraspinatus outlet?
the subacromial space below the coracoacromial arch
175
infraspinatus
O: infraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle
A: stabilize GH jt, GH lat rot, hor abd
N: suprascapular
176
teres minor
O: axillary border of the scap
I: greater tubercle
A: stabilize GH jt, GH lat rot, hor abd
N: axillary
177
what is a synergist to the infraspinatus?
the teres minor
178
subscapularis
O: subscap fossa
I: lesser tubercle
A: stabilize GH jt, med rot
N: subscapular
179
deltoid
O: ant: lat 1/3 clavicle
mid: acromion
post: scap spine
I: deltoid tuberosity
A: all: GH abd
ant: flex, med rot, hor abd
mid: abd only
post: ext, lat rot, hor abd
N: axillary
180
t/f: the ant and post deltoids are neutralizers of GH abd
true
181
pec major
O: clavicular: mid 1/3 clavicle
sternocostal: sternum, 1-6 ribs
I: lat lip of bicipital groove
A: clavicular: 1st 60 deg flex
sternocostal: 1st 60 deg ex
both: GH add, med rot, hor add
N: pectoral
182
how do you show the pec major 2 heads?
put one fist on top of the other and push them into each other
the one pushing down is showing the sternocostal portion?
the one pushing up is showing the clavicular portion?
183
coracobrachialis
O: coronoid process
I: mid humerus medially
A: GH flex
N: musculocutaneous
184
how is the coracobrachialis palpated?
with a flexed elbow to try and remove the biceps
185
latissimus dorsi
O: T7-12, posterior sacrum, illiac crest, and lower 3 ribs and some of inferior scap angle
I: med lip of bicipital groove of humerus
A: GH ext, add, med rot, and scap depression (reverse in CKC)
N: thoracodorsal
186
teres major
O: axillary border of scap near inf angle
I: lesser tubercle, below lats attachment
A: GH ext, add, med rot
N: subscapular
187
what are the prime movers of GH extension?
lats, teres major, post delt, pec major (sternocostal)
188
what are the prime movers of GH flexion?
coracobrachialis, ant delt, pec major (clav)
189
what are the prime movers of GH abduction?
mid delt, supraspinatus
190
what are the prime movers of GH adduction?
pec major, lats, teres major
191
what are the prime movers of GH lateral rotation?
teres minor, infraspinatus, post delt
192
what are the prime movers of GH medial rotation?
subscap, ant delt, lats, teres major, pec major
193
what are the prime movers of GH horizontal abduction?
post delt, infraspinatus, teres minor
194
what are the prime movers of GH horizontal adduction?
ant delt, pec major
195
what is a subluxation?
partial dissociation of articular surfaces common with low muscle tone
196
what is a dislocation?
complete dissociation of the articular surfaces that can also include labral tears and capsule damage
197
which is worse a subluxation or dislocation?
a dislocation
198
what results in subacromial impingement syndrome?
limited medial rotation and abduction due to impingement
199
what is one of the most commonly diagnosed shoulder injuries?
subacromial impingement syndrome
200
what is a rotator cuff tear?
a tear of one or all SITS muscles/tendons especially with overhead and throwing motions
201
what is bicipital tendinitis?
inflammation of the tendon passing through the bicipital groove (long head of biceps tendon)
202
what is adhesive capsulitis?
frozen shoulder
203
what are the 3 jts in the elbow?
humeroulnar
humeroradial
radioulnar
204
what are the motions of the humeroulnar jt?
flex/ex (sag, x)
205
what are the motions of the humeroradial jt?
flex/ex (sag, x)
206
what are the motions of the radioulnar jt?
pronation/supination (tran, y)
207
what are the functions of the elbow jts?
stability via bony configuration and soft tissue
mobility via muscular pull or multi-jt function
208
what side is the trochlea of the humerus on?
medial above the ulna
209
what side is the capitulum of the humerus on?
lateral above the radius
210
the axis of flex/ex at the elbow is through what 2 landmarks?
the trochlea and capitulum
211
what tendons attach to the medial epicondyle?
wrist flexors and pronators
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor disitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis
212
what tendons attach to the lateral epicondyle?
wrist extensors and supinators
213
why are the epicondyles a frequent site for pathologic changes?
bc of overuse
214
where is the elbow the most stable?
at full extension or the last 20% of flexion????
215
when do ligaments provide the elbow with the most support?
at greater than 20% flexion
216
what kind of jts are the humeroulnar and humeroradial jts?
hinge jts
217
how many DF do the HR and HU jts have?
1
218
what is normal flexion at the elbow?
145-160 deg
219
what is normal extension at the elbow?
0 deg
220
what landmark of the elbow is more distal, the capitulum or trochlea?
trochlea
221
the distal humerus is rotated ____ and the proximal ulna is rotated ____
anteriorly, posteriorly
222
what is the carrying angle?
the angle b/w the long axis of the humerus and long axis of the forearm
223
what is a normal carrying angle?
5-15 deg
224
what is cubitus valgus?
an increased carrying angle
30 deg
forearm is more laterally headed
225
what is cubitus varus?
decreased carrying angle
-5 deg
forearm is more medially headed
226
how many DF does the RU jt have?
1
227
what happens to the radius and ulna during pronation/supination?
the radius crosses over the stable ulna
228
describe the arthrokinematics of the humeroulnar jt
the concave ulnar trochlear notch moving on the convex humeral trochlea)
same roll and glide
extension to flexion=ant roll and glide
flexion to extension=post roll and glide
229
flexion of the humeroulnar joint is b/w what 2 bony landmarks?
coronoid-coronoid fossa
230
flexion at the HU jt requires...
sufficient length of posterior capsule, posterior fibers of MCL, ulnar nerve, and elbow extensors
231
extension at the HU jt requires...
sufficient length of anterior capsule, anterior fibers of MCL, elbow flexors
232
extension of the HU jt is b/w what 2 bony landmarks?
olecranon-olecranon fossa
233
describe the humeroradial arthrokinematics
concave proximal radius on moving on the convex capitulum
same roll and glide
234
at the HR jt, with flexion the radial head slides into the ____ ____
capitulotrochlear groove
235
t/f: at the HR jt, in full extension there is no contact b/w the radius and humerus
true
236
describe the arthokinematics of the proximal RU jt
the convex radial head moving on the concave radial notch on the ulna
radial head spinning on the radial notch
237
describe the arthrokinematics at the distal RU jt
concave ulnar notch of the radius moving on the convex ulnar head
in pronation, the radius rolls and glides anterior
in supination, the radius rolls and glides posterior
238
what soft tissues provide proximal jt stability at the RU jt?
annular ligament
LCL
oblique cord
quadrate ligament
239
what is the function of the annular ligament?
it circles around the radial head keeping it in contact w/the radial notch
240
what is the function of the oblique cord?
connects the lateral ulna and medial radius
becomes tight with supination to provide stability in supination
241
what is the function of the quadrate ligament?
a short and strong ligament that maintains jt b/w radial head and notch
242
what soft tissues provide distal RU jt stability?
articular disc (TFCC)
dorsal and palmar RU ligaments
interosseous membrane
243
what is a function of the interosseous membrane?
transmit forces efficiently into bigger bones
244
what is the CPP of the HU jt?
full elbow extension and supination
245
what is the OPP of the HU jt?
70 deg flex
10 deg sup
246
what is the CPP of the HR jt?
90 deg flex
5 deg sup
247
what is the OPP of the HR jt?
ext and sup
248
what is the OPP of the RU jt?
70 deg flex
35 deg sup
249
what is the CPP of the RU jt?
5 deg sup
250
brachialis
O: ant humerus distal 1/2
I: coronoid process, ulnar tuberosity
A: elbow flex (main elbow flexor)
N: musculocutaneous
251
biceps brachii
O: long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scap
short head: coracoid process of scap
I: radial tuberosity
A: elbow flex, sup, GH flex
N: musculocutaneous
252
brachioradialis
O: lat supracondylar ridge of humerus
I: radial styloid process
A: elbow flex, pro/sup from mid position
N: radial
253
triceps brachii
O: long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scap
lat (short) head: post lat humerus info to greater tubercle
med head: distal post humerus
I: olecranon process
A: elbow ext (main elbow extensor), GH ext
N: radial
254
anconeus
O: lat epicondyle of humerus
I: prox ulna inf to olecranon process
A: "unpinching", weak elbow extensor
N: radial
255
pronator teres
O: humeral head: medial epicondyle
ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna
I: lat midpoint of radius
A: pronation (strongest pronator), weak elbow extension
N: median
256
pronator quadratus
O: ant distal 1/4 ulna
I: ant distal 1/4 radius
A: weak pronator
N: median
257
supinator
O: lat epicondyle of humerus and prox ulna
I: ant and lat prox radius
A: supination
N: radial
258
what are the prime movers of elbow flexion?
brachialis
biceps brachii (esp w/sup)
brachioradialis (esp w/forearm in midposition)
pronator teres (only w/forearm in pronation)
259
what are the prime movers of elbow extension?
triceps brachii
260
what are the prime movers of supination at the elbow?
supinator
biceps brachii (esp w/ elbow flex)
261
what are the prime movers of pronation at the elbow?
pronator teres
pronator quadratus
262
functional movement of the elbow and forearm is affected by ___ ___ and ____ ____
task demands, force requirements
263
t/f: injuries can change synergy requirements
true
264
are single joint or multijoint muscles recruited first?
single joint muscles
265
what is the recruitment order of the elbow flexors?
brachialis, biceps, brachioradialis
266
when is the biceps recruited first?
when elbow flexion and supination is needed
267
what is the order or recruitment of the elbow extensors?
anconeus, triceps
268
when is the triceps recruited?
with larger loads
269
what is the order of recruitment of supinators?
supinator, biceps
270
when is the biceps recruited for supination?
with the elbow flexed to 90 deg
271
t/f: the supinator is influenced by elbow angle
false
272
what is the order of recruitment of pronators?
pronator teres, pronator quadratus
273
is the pronator teres or quadratus consistently active?
the pronator quadratus
274
t/f: the pronator teres is influenced by elbow position
true
275
in the CKC, in extension does the elbow rely on bony geometry or muscles for stability?
bony geometry
276
in the CKC, in flexion, does the elbow rely on bony geometry or muscles for stability?
muscles
277
what factors affect maximum isometric force?
elongated position and/or IMA length
278
in what position do the supinators produce the greatest force?
in pronation
279
in what position do the pronators produce the greatest force?
in supination
280
the greater the IMA, the _____ the torque/force
greater
281
what are some common elbow pathologies?
medial epicondylitis
lateral epicondylitis
bicipital tendinitis
gunstock deformity
nursemaid's elbow
282
what is medial epicondylitis?
overuse of worst flexors, pronators, and extrinsic finger flexors
also called golfer's elbow or little league elbow
loss of full elbow extension
common in R elbow of R handed golfers from valgus forces
283
what is lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
overuse of backhand motions (extensors and supinators)
284
what is bicipital tendinitis?
inflammation and overuse of the biceps tendon (long head) passing through the bicipital groove
285
what is a gunstock deformity?
bow elbow
can result from a supracondylar fracture or malunion that causes a reduction in carrying angle
286
what is nursemaid's elbow?
pulling the radius out of the annular ligament
can be a sign of child abuse
radial head subluxation
common among toddlers
causes pain, but is easy to fix w/no long term issues
